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Jasper Johns

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Jasper Johns is a major American artist of the postwar era. He works as a painter, sculptor, draftsman, and printmaker. His art is linked to several important movements, including Neo-Dada and pop art. Johns was born on May 15, 1930, in Augusta, Georgia. He grew up in South Carolina and began drawing at age three. His stepmother supported his talent by buying him art materials. After studying at the University of South Carolina and Parsons School of Design, he served in the army during the Korean War. He later moved to New York City, where he met many influential artists.

Jasper Johns, Flag (detail)
Jasper Johns, Flag (detail)

A major turning point occurred in 1954. Johns destroyed all his previous artwork to start something new. He began creating paintings of familiar symbols like flags, maps, targets, letters, and numbers. These motifs were things the mind already knows. This approach differed from Abstract Expressionism, which focused on an artist's individual psychology. Johns wanted his work to be both representational and abstract. A painting might look like a real flag, but it also looks like a collection of shapes and stripes. This method allowed him to focus on the design of the symbol itself.

One of his most famous techniques is encaustic painting. This is an ancient process using melted wax mixed with pigment. The artist applies the wax to a surface and then burns it in. This technique creates a unique, textured surface. It allows the artist to preserve individual brushstrokes even when layering the material. Johns used encaustic for his 1954–55 painting, *Flag*. This work was inspired by a dream. Because the painting used a national symbol, some museum trustees were originally afraid to buy it. They feared it might cause controversy during the Cold War. However, the architect Philip Johnson eventually bought it and donated it to the Museum of Modern Art in 1973.

Johns also explores three-dimensional art through sculpture. His first sculpture was titled *Flashlight I*, created in 1958. Many early sculptures used a pliable metallic medium called Sculp-metal. He also used casting techniques with materials like plaster and bronze. Some of his sculptures aim for verisimilitude, which means they look very much like real objects. For example, *Painted Bronze* (1960) looks like a coffee can with a Savarin Coffee label. He also creates relief sculptures that incorporate text. In *Fragment of a Letter* (2009), he used words from a letter written by Vincent van Gogh. He pressed the letters into wax and used American Sign Language alphabet stamps on the other side.

Printmaking is another essential part of Johns's career. He began experimenting with this in 1960 at the Universal Limited Art Editions studio. He has produced over 180 editions using various techniques. These include lithographs, which use stone or metal plates to transfer images. He also used screenprints and intaglios, which involve incised lines. In 1971, he became the first artist at his studio to use a handfed offset lithographic press. This allowed him to create images like *Decoy* as a drawing before they became paintings. His printmaking work shows a deep investigation of his favorite shapes and symbols.

Johns's career has been marked by incredible success and many honors. In 1958, his first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery was a major hit. Nearly all eighteen works at the show were sold. In 2010, his 1958 painting *Flag* sold for a reported $110 million. At that time, it was the most expensive artwork ever sold by a living artist. He has received prestigious awards, including the National Medal of Arts and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He was also elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1973.

Today, Johns's influence continues through his many contributions to the art world. He co-founded the Foundation for Contemporary Arts to support other creators. He also supports the Merce Cunningham Dance Company. He currently lives and works in Sharon, Connecticut. He plans to turn his 170-acre property into an artists' residency after his death. This space will provide a place for 18 to 24 artists to live and work. It will welcome visual artists, poets, musicians, and dancers alike.

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File:Jasper Johns, Flag (detail).jpg
Jasper Johns, Flag (detail).jpg
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