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Jacob Riis

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Jacob August Riis was a Danish-American social reformer and journalist.

Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis
Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis

He used his writing and photography to help the poor in New York City. During the turn of the twentieth century, he became a famous voice for urban reform. Riis is best known for exposing the terrible living conditions in city slums. He wanted the wealthy to see the struggles of the impoverished. His work helped change how society viewed and treated the urban poor.

Born on May 3, 1849, in Ribe, Denmark, Riis grew up in a large family.

He was one of 15 children. His father was a schoolteacher and a writer for a local newspaper. Riis experienced personal tragedy when his brother Theodore drowned when Jacob was eleven. Even as a child, he showed a desire to help others. He once donated his money to a poor family in Ribe. This early empathy likely shaped his future career as a reformer.

In 1870, at age 21, Riis immigrated to the United States. He traveled from Copenhagen to New York City to work as a carpenter.

Jacob Riis portrait
Jacob Riis portrait

Life in America was extremely difficult for him at first. He faced periods of extreme poverty and hunger. He once slept on a tombstone and survived on windfall apples. He also experienced the loss of a precious gold locket in a police lodging-house. These hardships gave him firsthand knowledge of what it meant to be destitute.

During this era, American cities were changing very quickly. After the Civil War, millions of people moved into urban areas. In the 1880s, the Lower East Side of New York was the most densely populated place on earth.

Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis
Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis

About 334,000 people lived within a single square mile. Many people were packed into filthy, disease-ridden tenements. Often, 10 or 15 people shared a single room. Riis saw these conditions and decided to document them.

To capture these dark spaces, Riis used new technology. He was an early user of casual photography and photographic flash. This allowed him to take clear pictures in dark, crowded rooms.

Bandits Roost, 59 and a half Mulberry Street
Bandits Roost, 59 and a half Mulberry Street

His photographs showed the reality of life in places like Mulberry Street. He published his findings in books, such as "How the Other Half Lives."

How the other half lives
How the other half lives

His journalism and images worked together to demand social change. He also supported the creation of "model tenements." These were better housing projects designed to be safer and cleaner.

Beyond housing, Riis fought against the disease tuberculosis. He had lost six of his brothers to this illness. In 1906, he learned about Christmas seals in Denmark. These were special stamps used to raise money for health causes. Riis wrote an article called "Christmas stamps" to bring this idea to America.

Christmas Seal1, 1907
Christmas Seal1, 1907

He worked with Emily Bissell and the Red Cross to start this program. In 1907, the first U.S. Christmas seals were sold in Delaware. This helped raise significant funds to fight the disease.

Jacob Riis's life connected many different fields of study. His work combined journalism, photography, and sociology. He used the power of the media to influence government policy and urban planning. By documenting the lives of the poor, he forced a connection between different social classes. He showed that the health and safety of a city depended on how it treated all its citizens. His legacy remains a vital part of American social history.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Jacob Riis portrait.jpg
Jacob Riis portrait.jpg
File:Christmas Seal1, 1907.jpg
Christmas Seal1, 1907.jpg
File:Bandits Roost, 59 and a half Mulberry Street.jpg
Bandits Roost, 59 and a half Mulberry Street.jpg
File:Riis, Jacob A. - Der Graben im Potter Feld (Zeno Fotografie).jpg
Riis, Jacob A. - Der Graben im Potter...
How the other half lives.djvu
File:Tr - nyc police commissioner 1894 - jacob riis bio - the making of an american - illustration named one was sitting asleep on a buttertub.jpg
Tr - nyc police commissioner 1894 - jacob...
File:Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis.jpg
Sleeping, homeless children - Jacob Riis.jpg
File:Jacob Riis.jpg
Jacob Riis.jpg
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