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Jack (device)

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A jack is a mechanical device designed to apply great force or lift heavy loads.

Jackscrew
Jackscrew

These tools are essential for performing maintenance on vehicles and repairing large structures. They allow humans to move objects that would otherwise be impossible to lift by hand. While most people associate the word with car repairs, the term covers a wide range of machinery. Some jacks are massive enough for industrial construction, while others are tiny components in musical instruments.

Cembalospringer historische Bauart
Cembalospringer historische Bauart

Mechanical jacks often rely on a screw thread to generate lifting power. One common example is the scissor jack, which uses a leadscrew and a 4-bar linkage.

Jackscrew
Jackscrew

By turning the screw, a person can use manual force to lift a heavy vehicle. Some modern versions are even electric. These use 12-volt electricity from a car's cigarette lighter to raise and lower the jack automatically. Another mechanical type is the house jack, or screw jack.

This device uses an acme-threaded rod to lift buildings from their foundations. To keep the device stable, it features a cast-iron circular pad. This pad moves independently so the post does not turn as the rod is rotated.

Hydraulic jacks operate using the principles of fluid mechanics.

Working principle of a hydraulic jack
Working principle of a hydraulic jack

These devices use a liquid, such as oil, because it is stable and self-lubricating. Since liquids are incompressible, they can transmit force effectively. The process begins when a pump plunger pulls back to draw oil from a reservoir. A suction check valve allows the oil to enter the pump chamber. When the plunger moves forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into a cylinder.

Working principle of a hydraulic jack
Working principle of a hydraulic jack

As the oil enters the cylinder, the suction valve closes and pressure builds. This pressure then forces the lifting mechanism upward.

There are several specialized forms of hydraulic jacks used for different tasks. The bottle jack, sometimes called a whiskey jack, has a cylindrical body and a neck.

Cric 005
Cric 005

It uses a vertical lifting ram that emerges from the body. These can be used for automobile repairs or to lift house foundations. Some bottle jacks can even lift up to 50 tons.

Cric 005
Cric 005

Another type is the floor jack, also known as a trolley jack. It uses a horizontal piston and a bellcrank to provide vertical motion. Because it includes wheels and casters, it is easy to maneuver under a vehicle.

Car Floor jack
Car Floor jack

For massive engineering projects, engineers use strand jacks. These specialized hydraulic devices are designed to grip and lift heavy steel cables.

Other lifting technologies use compressed air instead of liquid. An inflatable jack, or pneumatic lifting bag, is an air bag that inflates to lift objects.

Rescue demonstration on hydraulic tools
Rescue demonstration on hydraulic tools

These are used to lift everything from automobiles to large airplanes. Rescuers specifically use these bags to lift heavy objects off of people. There are three main pressure levels for these rescue bags. Low-pressure bags operate at 7.25 psi to provide a high vertical lift. Medium-pressure bags operate at 15 psi. High-pressure bags operate between 90 and 145 psi to provide much higher lifting capacities.

Rescue demonstration on hydraulic tools
Rescue demonstration on hydraulic tools

You can even stack two bags together to increase the lift height.

The history of the jack shows how technology has evolved to save human labor. The word "jack" was used in the 16th century to describe a man of low status. Later, it was applied to machines that took the place of men or saved their effort. The first recorded use of "jack" to mean a lifting machine was in 1679. This record described an engine used to move great pieces of timber. In 1838, William Joseph Curtis filed a patent for a hydraulic jack in Britain. Later, in 1859, Richard Dudgeon patented the portable hydraulic press.

Cric 005
Cric 005

In 1905, P.J. Harrah invented the versatile farm jack.

Farm jack
Farm jack

This tool is popular with off-road drivers because it can lift, winch, clamp, and pull.

Safety is a critical part of using these powerful tools. Because jacks handle extreme weights, they must be used with great care. Users must consider ground conditions and the specific jacking point on a vehicle to ensure stability. Organizations like the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) have developed safety standards. In the United States, the ASME creates standards for portable automotive service equipment. These standards cover many types of jacks, including hydraulic hand jacks and emergency tire-changing jacks. Following these rules helps ensure that lifting heavy loads remains a controlled and safe process.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU1571.jpg
The British Army in North-west Europe...
File:מגבה של קרוואן.jpg
מגבה של קרוואן.jpg
File:Jackscrew.jpg
Jackscrew.jpg
File:House Jack 2.5 tons.jpg
House Jack 2.5 tons.jpg
File:Working principle of a hydraulic jack.svg
Working principle of a hydraulic jack.svg
File:Car Floor jack.jpg
Car Floor jack.jpg
File:Cric 005.jpg
Cric 005.jpg
File:Rescue demonstration on hydraulic tools.jpg
Rescue demonstration on hydraulic tools.jpg
File:Farm jack.jpg
Farm jack.jpg
File:Cembalospringer historische Bauart.jpg
Cembalospringer historische Bauart.jpg
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