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Itō Noe

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Itō Noe was a prominent Japanese anarchist, social critic, author, and feminist. She lived during the Meiji and Taishō periods in Japan. As an anarcha-feminist, she believed in both individual freedom and women's rights. Her work challenged the social norms and the national system of government, known as the kokutai. She used literature and journalism to argue for personal and political autonomy. Itō is remembered today as a martyr for the anarchist ideology she practiced.

Itō's journey toward activism began with her struggle for personal agency. Born on January 21, 1895, on the island of Kyushu, she grew up in an aristocratic family. In 1910, her family pressured her into an arranged marriage with Suematsu Fukutaro. This marriage was a requirement for her to continue her education. Itō refused to accept this loss of freedom. She moved to Tokyo to pursue her own life. She eventually married an ex-teacher named Tsuji Jun. They had two sons, Makoto and Ryūji. This period of her life influenced her later writings about marriage and social constraints.

In 1915, Itō joined the Bluestocking Society, or Seitō-sha. This group produced the feminist magazine Seitō. Itō eventually became the editor-in-chief of the publication. She aimed to make the magazine inclusive for all women. She opened its pages to discussions on motherhood, abortion, and free love. In July 1916, she published her "Anti-Manifesto." In this note, she declared that the magazine would have no fixed ideology. She wanted it to be a space for all women. Under her leadership, the journal became much more radical.

The Japanese government reacted strongly to the magazine's content. Censors banned five different issues of Seitō. They believed the publication threatened the kokutai. One issue was banned for a story about escaping an arranged marriage. Another was banned for an article calling for the legalization of abortion. A third issue was censored for an article titled "To The Women of the World." This article argued that women should marry for love. In total, Itō contributed 61 pieces to the magazine. She used her stories to mirror her own life experiences.

Itō's political views were deeply tied to her belief in bodily autonomy. She engaged in a famous debate with another feminist, Yamakawa Kikue. They discussed whether prostitution should be legalized in Japan. Itō argued that women's bodies belonged only to themselves. She believed the state should not control a woman's choices. She also noted that many women entered prostitution because they were destitute. Itō worked to translate socialist and anarchist texts from English into Japanese. She studied the works of American writer Emma Goldman to spread these ideas.

In 1916, Itō met the anarchist author Sakae Ōsugi. They became close political partners and lived together. They practiced "free love," meaning they did not follow traditional marriage rules. They worked together to publish journals like Rōdō Undō, or the Labor Movement. Itō was highly critical of the state and the emperor. She believed the emperor was treated like a god who must be obeyed. She argued that people needed to practice anarchism in their everyday lives. This stance led to constant harassment from the police.

The end of Itō's life occurred during a time of great national chaos. In September 1923, the Great Kantō earthquake struck the region. In the aftermath, a squad of military police called the Kempeitai arrested Itō. They also arrested Ōsugi and his six-year-old nephew, Munekazu. The squad was led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu. The three individuals were taken to an abandoned well. There, they were strangled to death. This violent event is known as the Amakasu Incident. It caused widespread shock and anger throughout Japan.

Itō's legacy continues through art and historical study. The Amakasu Incident led to the arrest of the lieutenant. He was sentenced to ten years in prison but served only three. Itō and Ōsugi are buried in the Kutsunoya cemetery in Shizuoka. Her life has been portrayed in modern media. Director Kijū Yoshida featured Ōsugi in the 1969 film Eros + Massacre. In 2022, NHK broadcast a drama based on a novel about her life. Her work remains a significant part of feminist and anarchist history.

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