Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
💻

Internet

technology Maturity 9-11 Vital Level 3 Next article →

The Internet is a massive, global system of interconnected computer networks.

Internet Connectivity Distribution & Core
Internet Connectivity Distribution & Core

It functions as a "network of networks" by linking diverse groups together. These groups include private, public, academic, business, and government networks. They connect through various technologies, such as electronic, wireless, and optical networking. The Internet serves as a foundation for many different information services. These include the World Wide Web, electronic mail, and streaming media. It has fundamentally transformed traditional media like telephone, radio, and print publishing.

World map of submarine cables
World map of submarine cables

To allow these different networks to communicate, the system relies on a specific set of rules. This is known as the Internet protocol suite, or TCP/IP. This suite provides the instructions that allow devices to exchange data across different networks. One vital mechanism within this process is packet switching. In packet switching, data is broken into smaller pieces to be sent across the network.

UDP encapsulation
UDP encapsulation

This method allows information to move efficiently between diverse systems. Without these standardized protocols, a computer on one network might not understand a computer on another.

The Internet is not a single, centralized entity with one governing body. Instead, each individual network sets its own specific policies for access and usage. However, certain core elements require coordination to keep the global system working. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, or ICANN, directs two principal name spaces. These are the Internet Protocol address (IP address) space and the Domain Name System (DNS).

An example of theoretical DNS recursion
An example of theoretical DNS recursion

While ICANN manages these names and addresses, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) handles technical standardization. The IETF is a non-profit group that works on the core protocols that underpin the entire system.

The history of the Internet began with research into sharing computer resources. In the 1960s, scientists developed systems for time-sharing. During this era, Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently researched packet switching. This research became a fundamental technology for modern data communication. In 1969, the ARPANET was developed as an experimental resource-sharing network. It began with two nodes connecting the University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute.

A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969
A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969

By the end of 1971, the ARPANET had grown to include 15 connected sites.

Significant progress occurred in the 1970s and 1980s through international collaboration. In 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published a proposal for packet network intercommunication. This work helped lead to the standardized TCP/IP design. In 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was officially standardized, allowing for worldwide growth. The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) later provided high-speed access to supercomputer sites. This helped the Internet expand into an intercontinental network during the late 1980s. By 1990, the ARPANET was decommissioned as the modern Internet began to take shape.

A major turning point arrived in 1990 with the creation of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee developed the first web browser and the first web server at CERN.

First Web Server
First Web Server

He also created the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and HyperText Markup Language (HTML). It is important to distinguish the Web from the Internet itself. The Internet is the underlying network of hardware and protocols. The World Wide Web is just one service that runs on that network. The Web consists of interlinked documents and resources accessed through hyperlinks and URLs.

The impact of the Internet on commerce and culture is immense. In the 1990s, the Internet became fully commercialized in the United States. Financial services also moved online, with the Stanford Federal Credit Union offering online banking in 1994.

Share of individuals using the internet
Share of individuals using the internet

Today, the Internet supports massive industries through online shopping and business-to-business services. Data transmission speeds continue to rise, with fiber optic networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, or even higher. This growth is driven by the need for more information, entertainment, and social networking services.

625 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (19)
File:A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969.png
A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969.png
File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png
NSFNET-backbone-T3.png
File:Number of mobile cellular subscriptions 2012-2016.svg
Number of mobile cellular subscriptions...
File:Graph depicting share of the population using the Internet.png
Graph depicting share of the population...
File:Internet users for 100 people by GDP per capita.svg
Internet users for 100 people by GDP per...
File:Internet users per 100 inhabitants ITU.svg
Internet users per 100 inhabitants ITU.svg
File:Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png
Share_of_individuals_using_the_internet.png
File:FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg
FixedBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap.svg
File:MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap 2013.svg
MobileBroadbandInternetPenetrationWorldMap...
File:Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg
Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg
File:First Web Server.jpg
First Web Server.jpg
File:Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg
Icannheadquartersplayavista.jpg

+ 7 more

More to explore

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.