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Indian cuisine

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Indian cuisine is a vast collection of regional and traditional cooking styles. These styles are native to the Indian subcontinent. The food varies greatly due to differences in soil and climate. Local culture, ethnicity, and occupation also shape what people eat. Religion and long-standing traditions are major influences on dietary choices. This diversity makes Indian food a complex and fascinating subject.

Spices in an Indian market
Spices in an Indian market

Cooking in India often involves specific, layered techniques. Many dishes begin with a process called bhuna. During bhuna, chefs fry freshly ground spices in hot oil or ghee. Ghee is a type of clarified butter used in cooking and rituals. This process creates a flavorful paste that serves as a base. Chefs use various oils depending on their specific region. For example, peanut oil is common in the north and west. Mustard oil is popular in eastern India. Coconut oil is frequently used along the western coast.

3 types of lentil
3 types of lentil

Spices are the essential building blocks of these flavors. Common ingredients include turmeric, cardamom, cumin, and ginger. A very famous spice blend is called garam masala. This powder typically contains seven dried spices in a specific ratio. It often includes cinnamon, cloves, and black peppercorns. Different culinary regions use their own unique garam masala blends. Some areas also use specialized mixes like panch phoron in the east. Others use goda masala in the state of Maharashtra.

Indian food has a history spanning 8,000 years. Early farming began around 7000 BCE with wheat and barley. By 3000 BCE, people were already harvesting black pepper and mustard. The Indus Valley Civilisation traded goods like carnelian and ivory. Ancient Sanskrit texts like the Yājñavalkya Smṛti mention dishes like pulao. These early records show a long connection to rice and vegetables. The ancient system of Ayurveda also links food to holistic wellness.

Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils
Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils

Trade and historical events changed Indian ingredients forever. The spice trade between India and Europe was a massive driver. It was the primary catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery. Later, the Columbian exchange brought vegetables from the New World. This introduced potatoes, tomatoes, chillies, and peanuts to India. The Portuguese brought chillies from Mexico in the 16th century. Even cauliflower was introduced by the British in 1822.

Aloo Paratha with Butter from India
Aloo Paratha with Butter from India

Dietary habits are often shaped by religious beliefs. Many people follow vegetarianism due to movements like the Śramaṇa movement. Hinduism considers cows sacred, making beef consumption a taboo. However, beef is eaten in parts of Kerala and the north-east. The Yoga tradition even uses a system to classify food. It categorizes items as saatvic, raajsic, or taamsic. These classifications help people align their diet with spiritual goals.

Rajma Chawal, from India
Rajma Chawal, from India

Today, Indian cuisine has a massive global impact. It has influenced food in Britain, North America, and Southeast Asia. It has also reached the Caribbean, Africa, and Oceania. The food is not just delicious but also environmentally significant. A 2024 report from the World Wildlife Fund shared important data. It stated that India's food consumption pattern is very sustainable. Among the G20 countries, it is considered the most sustainable.

Indian food at restaurant in Paris - 2020-08-20
Indian food at restaurant in Paris - 2020-08-20
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🖼️ Images & Media (56)
File:Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg
Pomegranate fruit - whole and piece with arils.jpg
File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg
Spices in an Indian market.jpg
File:3 types of lentil.jpg
3 types of lentil.jpg
File:Indian food at restaurant in Paris - 2020-08-20.jpg
Indian food at restaurant in Paris -...
File:Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg
Vegetarian Andhra Meal.jpg
File:Pitang Oying - Mising Kitchen Resturant, Guwahati, Assam, 1618420295814. jpg.jpg
Pitang Oying - Mising Kitchen Resturant,...
File:A lunch platter of Assamese cuisine.jpg
A lunch platter of Assamese cuisine.jpg
File:Pithe Puli - Home - Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg
Pithe Puli - Home - Kolkata - West Bengal.jpg
File:Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard paste)-Home,kolkata-West Bengal-IMG 0001.jpg
Shorshe Pabda (Pabo catfish in Mustard...
File:Litti Chokha.jpg
Litti Chokha.jpg
File:Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg
Aloo Paratha with Butter from India.jpg
File:Khurmi, Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg
Khurmi, Chhattisgarhi Cuisine.jpg

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