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Horace Walpole

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Horace Walpole was a multifaceted British figure of the 18th century.

Horace Walpole (1735) - Jonathan Richardson the Elder (Casa-Museu Medeiros e Almeida)
Horace Walpole (1735) - Jonathan Richardson the Elder (Casa-Museu Medeiros e Almeida)

He served as a Whig politician and a Member of Parliament. He was also a noted historian, an antiquarian, and a prolific writer. Walpole is perhaps most significant for his contributions to literature and architecture. He is credited with creating the first Gothic novel, titled *The Castle of Otranto*, in 1764. His extensive collection of personal letters provides vital social and political insights into his era. These letters are so substantial that Yale University Press has published them in 48 volumes.

Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt
Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt

Walpole's early life was shaped by his family and his education. He was the youngest son of Sir Robert Walpole, the first British Prime Minister. His education included studies in Bexley, at Eton College, and at King's College, Cambridge. During his time at Cambridge, he was influenced by the theologian Conyers Middleton. This influence led Walpole to adopt a skeptical view toward certain Christian doctrines. He developed a lifelong dislike for superstition and religious bigotry. While he was a nominal Anglican, his intellectual outlook remained deeply influenced by Middleton's unorthodox views.

Horace Walpole by Rosalba Carriera
Horace Walpole by Rosalba Carriera

Social connections played a major role in Walpole's development. At Eton, he was part of a group called the "Triumvirate" with Charles Lyttelton and George Montagu. He was also a member of the "Quadruple Alliance," which included Thomas Gray, Richard West, and Thomas Ashton. His relationship with Thomas Gray was particularly significant, though it was often complicated. In 1739, Walpole and Gray embarked on the Grand Tour, a traditional educational journey through Europe. They traveled through France, visiting cities such as Paris, Reims, and Lyon. They then moved into Italy, visiting Turin, Genoa, and Florence.

Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt
Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt

The Grand Tour was a period of intense travel and shifting friendships. After arriving in Florence, Walpole befriended Horace Mann, an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of Tuscany. In February 1740, Walpole and Gray traveled to Rome to witness the papal conclave. However, they did not see the event they had intended to witness. Tensions grew between the two men due to differing interests and personalities. Gray sought academic pursuits in Rome, while Walpole was more interested in social occasions. Their friendship eventually collapsed during a furious argument on the journey back to England.

Strawberry Hill House from garden in 2012 after restoration
Strawberry Hill House from garden in 2012 after restoration

Walpole's political career was marked by his affiliation with the Whig party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Callington in 1741. A rotten borough was a parliamentary constituency with very few voters. He held this seat for thirteen years, even though he never actually visited the location. He later represented the borough of Castle Rising from 1754 to 1757. As a politician, he held a classical liberal philosophy. He spoke out against slavery and the American Revolution. He also expressed concern regarding the potential for absolute monarchy in England.

Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt
Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt

Architecture was another area where Walpole left a lasting legacy. Starting in 1749, he built Strawberry Hill House in Twickenham, near the River Thames.

Strawberry Hill House from garden in 2012 after restoration
Strawberry Hill House from garden in 2012 after restoration

In this project, he revived the Gothic style, which was many decades before the Victorian era popularized it. This style was characterized by a fanciful, neo-Gothic design. His work was so distinct that his friends jokingly called him "The Abbot of Strawberry." This building helped initiate a new architectural trend in Britain. Strawberry Hill also became a gathering place for the Blue Stockings Society, a group of intellectual women.

Oldhorry
Oldhorry

In his later years, Walpole's focus remained on writing and observing political shifts. He was deeply disturbed by the events of the French Revolution. He expressed strong support for Edmund Burke's political writings during this time. Throughout his life, Walpole maintained a complex relationship with his finances and his social standing. His father had secured several sinecures, which are positions that provide an income without requiring much work. These included roles such as Inspector of the Imports and Exports and Collector of the Customs. These positions provided him with an annual income that grew over time, reaching approximately £3,400 per annum after 1745.

Oldhorry
Oldhorry
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Horace Walpole (1735) - Jonathan...
File:Horace Walpole by Rosalba Carriera.jpg
Horace Walpole by Rosalba Carriera.jpg
File:Strawberry Hill House from garden in 2012 after restoration.jpg
Strawberry Hill House from garden in 2012...
File:Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt.jpg
Horace Walpole by John Giles Eccardt.jpg
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Oldhorry.jpg
File:SIR ROBERT WALPOLE 1676-1745 Prime Minister and his son HORACE WALPOLE 1717-1797 Connoisseur and Man of Letters lived here.jpg
SIR ROBERT WALPOLE 1676-1745 Prime...
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George Montagu Eccardt Peterborough.JPG
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