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Horace

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Quintus Horatius Flaccus, known in English as Horace, was the most prominent Roman lyric poet during the reign of Augustus.

Quinto Orazio Flacco
Quinto Orazio Flacco

He lived through a transformative era when Rome shifted from a republic to an empire. His work is celebrated for its incredible technical skill and emotional range. The rhetorician Quintilian famously claimed that Horace's Odes were the only Latin lyrics worth reading. Quintilian described his style as lofty and charming, noting his versatility and daring word choices. While some saw him as a master of the graceful sidestep, others viewed him as a court slave to the regime.

Horace 18th-19th century engraving (cropped)
Horace 18th-19th century engraving (cropped)

Horace utilized several distinct poetic forms to express different ideas. He wrote Odes, which are lyrical and song-like poems. He also composed Satires and Epistles using elegant hexameter verses. These works were often amusing yet serious in their underlying tone. The ancient satirist Persius noted that Horace could laugh with a friend while slyly pointing out their faults. Additionally, Horace wrote Epodes, which are a form of iambic poetry. This style is often called blame poetry or shame poetry. It used sharp language to hold fellow citizens accountable to their social obligations.

Adalbert von Rössler Horaz
Adalbert von Rössler Horaz

Horace was born on December 8, 65 BC, in the town of Venusia.

Horaz beim Studium
Horaz beim Studium

This town sat on a busy trade route in the region of Lucania. Because of trade and state-sponsored migrations, many different dialects were spoken there. This linguistic variety likely influenced his deep feeling for language. Horace may have been familiar with Greek words from a very young age. He even mocked the mixed Greek and Oscan jargon spoken in nearby Canusium. His upbringing in this diverse area helped shape his unique poetic voice.

His family history was one of hard work and rising status. Horace's father had likely been a slave, perhaps captured during the Social War or the Samnite Wars. However, his father was a man of great ability who earned his freedom. He became a prosperous coactor, which may have been an auctioneer or a banker-like figure. His father spent a large amount of money to ensure Horace received a high-quality education. Horace later wrote a moving tribute to his father in his Satires. He described his father as an honest, hardworking man of simple habits.

Horace 18th-19th century engraving (cropped)
Horace 18th-19th century engraving (cropped)

At the age of nineteen, Horace traveled to Athens to continue his formal studies. He enrolled in The Academy, a famous center of learning founded by Plato. In Athens, he was influenced by the theories of the Epicureans and the Stoics. He also became familiar with the rich tradition of Greek lyric poetry. During this time, the political situation in Rome became very unstable. Marcus Junius Brutus arrived in Athens to recruit supporters for the republican cause. Horace joined these efforts and was appointed a tribunus militum, a senior military officer.

Horaz beim Studium
Horaz beim Studium

In 42 BC, Horace served in the republican army at the Battle of Philippi. This was a decisive conflict where the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony defeated the republicans. Horace later used self-deprecating humor to describe the battle, claiming he fled without his shield. Following the defeat, he accepted an amnesty offered by Octavian. Upon returning to Italy, he faced significant financial hardship. His family's estate in Venusia was confiscated to settle military veterans. This loss of property led him to pursue poetry more seriously as a way to find new prospects.

Fedor Bronnikov 014
Fedor Bronnikov 014

Horace eventually found stability through the support of Maecenas, a powerful official. Maecenas acted as a patron, providing Horace with a beautiful country villa near the river Licenza.

Fedor Bronnikov 014
Fedor Bronnikov 014

This support allowed Horace to focus on his writing and secure a position as a scriba quaestorius. This was a civil service role at the treasury, or aerarium, which provided a steady income. Through his connections and his talent, Horace became a leading voice of his age. His life and works provide a rare, detailed look at the character and values of ancient Rome.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
Horatii Flacci Sermonum.tif
File:Fedor Bronnikov 014.jpg
Fedor Bronnikov 014.jpg
File:Adalbert_von_Rössler_Horaz.jpg
Adalbert_von_Rössler_Horaz.jpg
File:Quinto Orazio Flacco.jpg
Quinto Orazio Flacco.jpg
File:Horaz beim Studium.jpg
Horaz beim Studium.jpg
File:Horace 18th-19th century engraving (cropped).jpg
Horace 18th-19th century engraving (cropped).jpg
File:Michelin Poster 1898.jpg
Michelin Poster 1898.jpg
File:Horatius - Boek I Ode XIV - Cleveringaplaats 1, Leiden.JPG
Horatius - Boek I Ode XIV -...
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