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Pindar

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Pindar was a prominent lyric poet from the ancient Greek city of Thebes. He is recognized as one of the nine canonical lyric poets of ancient Greece. Among these poets, his body of work is the best preserved. The ancient writer Quintilian described him as the greatest of these nine poets. Quintilian praised his inspired magnificence and the beauty of his thoughts. He also noted the rich exuberance of Pindar's language.

VIII.1.a, Pompeii. June 2017. Painted panel from west end of south wall of enthroned Pindar with lyre, with Muse and poetess
VIII.1.a, Pompeii. June 2017. Painted panel from west end of south wall of enthroned Pindar with lyre, with Muse and poetess

While admired by critics, his poetry can be difficult for casual readers. Some ancient writers even suggested his work was too elegant for the common people. Modern scholars once found his style perplexing as well. However, the 1896 discovery of poems by his rival Bacchylides helped clarify things. This discovery showed that Pindar's unique style was typical of the archaic genre.

Pindar's poetry was a complete sensory experience. He did not just write words; he created victory odes. These odes were composed to celebrate winners of great athletic contests. Pindar wrote the music for these odes himself. He also choreographed the dances that accompanied the singing. This required him to be both a composer and a dance instructor. Sometimes he trained performers at his home in Thebes. Other times, he trained them at the specific venues where they performed. This process turned his poetry into a public celebration of music and movement.

We know very little about Pindar's actual life. Most of our information comes from five ancient sources. One source is a short biography found on an Egyptian papyrus from at least 200 AD. The other four sources were finalized about 1,600 years after his death. These include writings by Pausanias and commentaries by Eustathius of Thessalonica. Because these sources are so old, many modern scholars view them with skepticism. Much of the biographical material is considered fanciful or made up. A famous legend claims bees built a honeycomb in his mouth when he was an infant. This was said to be the reason his verses were "honey-like."

Pindar was born around 518 BC in the village of Cynoscephalae. This village was located in Boeotia, near Thebes. His mother was named Cleodice. His father's name is listed differently in various sources, such as Daiphantus or Pagondas. By 498 BC, Pindar was roughly twenty years old. At this time, he was commissioned to write his first victory ode for a family in Thessaly. He studied lyric poetry in Athens under a tutor named Lasos of Hermione. He may have also received criticism from the poetess Corinna. His career spanned the era of the Greco-Persian Wars. This included the Persian invasion that led to the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.

Pindar's work reflects the values of the Archaic Age. He wrote about the uncertainty of life and the power of the gods. He believed humans could achieve greatness through divine grace. In his Pythian 8 ode, he describes mortal beings as a "dream of a shadow." Yet, he notes that a "gleam of splendour" from heaven can bring glory to men. His poems often connected living people to legendary history. For example, Pindar claimed his own ancestry was linked to the Aegeid clan. This clan was descended from Aegeus, the legendary king of Athens. This connection to a famous lineage likely helped his professional success.

Pindar's career involved significant political and social interactions. He used his odes to support the interests of his friends and patrons. In 462 BC, he wrote odes to help a friend named Demophilus return from exile. His travels were extensive due to his many commissions. He visited Panhellenic festivals in Olympia, Delphi, Corinth, and Nemea. He traveled west to Sicily and east to Asia Minor. He even traveled south to Cyrene on the African coast. These travels allowed him to build lasting friendships, such as with the Sicilian prince Thrasybulus.

Farnese Diadumenos BM 501
Farnese Diadumenos BM 501

His relationship with powerful leaders sometimes caused local tension. In 470 BC, he composed an ode for the tyrant Hieron of Sicily. This ode celebrated Greek victories over foreign invaders. These victories included the battles of Salamis and Plataea. However, his praise for Athens upset the authorities in his home city of Thebes. Thebes had sided with the Persians during the wars. Because of his pro-Athenian comments, Theban officials fined him 5,000 drachmae. The Athenians responded by giving him a gift of 10,000 drachmae. This shows how his poetry could have real political and financial consequences.

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File:VIII.1.a, Pompeii. June 2017. Painted panel from west end of south wall of enthroned Pindar with lyre, with Muse and poetess.jpg
VIII.1.a, Pompeii. June 2017. Painted...
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File:Farnese Diadumenos BM 501.jpg
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