Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Honey

language culture Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Honey is a sweet, viscous substance produced by several species of bees.

Honey-miel
Honey-miel

While honey bees are the most famous producers, other insects like bumblebees and stingless bees also make it. Bees create honey to nourish their entire colony, providing essential energy for metabolic activity and flight muscles. It also serves as a vital food source for larvae. By stockpiling honey, colonies can survive lean periods, such as overwintering when food is scarce.

Bee on -calyx 935
Bee on -calyx 935

The production process begins with foraging. A bee uses its proboscis, a tube-like mouthpart, to suck up nectar or honeydew. Nectar is a liquid from flowers with a water content of 70% to 80%. Honeydew is a secretion from insects like aphids and can have a water content around 89%. The liquid enters the bee's honey stomach, or honey crop. This specialized cavity can hold about 40 mg of liquid, which is roughly half the weight of an unladen bee. To fill this crop, a bee might visit more than one thousand flowers.

Honey comb
Honey comb

Once the nectar is inside the honey stomach, salivary enzymes and proteins from the hypopharyngeal gland begin to work. These substances cleave complex sugars, like sucrose, into simpler monosaccharides called glucose and fructose. This chemical change increases the acidity of the liquid. When the forager returns to the hive, it regurgitates the nectar to hive bees. These bees pass the liquid from mouth to mouth in a relay. This process of repeated regurgitation and bubbling creates a large surface area, which helps evaporate water into the warm hive air.

Extractor Beekeeping
Extractor Beekeeping

To finish the refinement, bees must control the hive's environment. Bees are among the few insects that can generate significant body heat. They use this heat to maintain a constant ambient temperature in storage areas. To remove excess moisture, bees use coordinated wing beating to move air across the wet honey. This ventilation expels both water and heat into the outside world. The process continues until the water content drops to between 15.5% and 18%. At this concentration, the honey becomes a supercooled solution of sugars.

Sealed Honey in frame
Sealed Honey in frame

Once the honey reaches the correct thickness, bees seal the hexagonal wax cells with a cap. This prevents contamination and stops further evaporation. Because of its high sugar concentration and acidic pH, many microorganisms cannot grow in honey. This unique chemical profile means that, when stored properly, honey does not spoil. Archaeologists have even discovered honey samples that remained edible after millennia.

Crystallized honey with close-up
Crystallized honey with close-up

Humans have a long history of interacting with honey-producing insects. Cave paintings in Cuevas de la Araña in Spain depict humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago. In the New World, the Mayans practiced meliponiculture, which is the cultivation of stingless bees. Today, the practice of keeping honey bees is called apiculture. Humans often use semi-domesticated colonies, which are bees that can still easily swarm to form new wild colonies.

Cueva arana
Cueva arana

Modern apiculture involves sophisticated methods to harvest honey and protect the bees. Beekeepers often use a smoker to pacify bees during collection. The smoke triggers a feeding instinct and obscures communication pheromones, making the bees less aggressive. Honey is extracted from the honeycomb by crushing it or using a mechanical honey extractor.

After extraction, the honey is filtered to remove beeswax and debris. Unlike early harvesters who might sacrifice entire colonies, modern beekeepers ensure bees have enough stores to survive the winter. They may provide honey substitutes, like sugar water, to help the colony stay healthy.

577 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Miels d'Alsace agriculture biologique.jpg
Miels d'Alsace agriculture biologique.jpg
File:Bee on -calyx 935.jpg
Bee on -calyx 935.jpg
File:Honey comb.jpg
Honey comb.jpg
File:Sealed Honey in frame.JPG
Sealed Honey in frame.JPG
File:Extractor Beekeeping.jpg
Extractor Beekeeping.jpg
File:Filtering of honey.jpg
Filtering of honey.jpg
File:Crystallized honey with close-up.jpg
Crystallized honey with close-up.jpg
File:Honey-miel.jpg
Honey-miel.jpg
File:Creamed honey Maillard reaction after aging.jpg
Creamed honey Maillard reaction after aging.jpg
File:Texas State Fair honey.jpg
Texas State Fair honey.jpg
File:Cueva arana.svg
Cueva arana.svg
File:May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_(365-271)_(6194230350).jpg
May_you_all_have_a_sweet_year_(365-271)_(6...
More to explore

✨ What else?

Related topics you might enjoy

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.