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Homs

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Homs is a major city located in western Syria.

Homs satellite
Homs satellite

It serves as the capital of the Homs Governorate. The city sits north of the capital, Damascus. It is situated along the Orontes River. This location makes Homs a central link between inland cities and the Mediterranean coast. Before the Syrian civil war, Homs was a vital industrial hub. In the 2004 census, the population was at least 652,609 people. It was the third-largest city in Syria. Aleppo sits to the north and Damascus sits to the south.

The city is known for its religious diversity. It is home to Sunni Muslims, Alawite Muslims, and Christians.

Ibn-Whalid-Moschee
Ibn-Whalid-Moschee

You can find many historic mosques and churches throughout the city. The area is also near the Krak des Chevaliers castle. This castle is a recognized World Heritage Site.

The name Homs is an Arabic form of the Latin name Emesus. This name likely comes from the Greek Émesa. Some sources suggest it comes from a nomadic Arab tribe called the Emesenoi. Other theories link the name to the Aramean city of Hamath-zobah. In that context, the name might mean "the fortress surrounding." This refers to the Citadel of Homs and the plains around it.

The Citadel of Homs. Homs, a desert town between Damascus and Aleppo. the Australian Light Horse are bivouacked in the foreground. Art.IWMART1578
The Citadel of Homs. Homs, a desert town between Damascus and Aleppo. the Australian Light Horse are bivouacked in the foreground. Art.IWMART1578

Homs has a very deep history. Excavations at the Citadel suggest settlements existed there around 2300 BCE. In 1274 BCE, a massive battle occurred near Homs at Kadesh. This battle involved the Egyptian Empire and the Hittite Empire. It took place on the Orontes River. The conflict may have been one of the largest chariot battles in history. It likely involved between 5,000 and 6,000 chariots.

1281BattleOfHoms
1281BattleOfHoms

The city became a capital under the Emesene dynasty. These kings ruled as client kings for the Roman Republic. They helped the Romans during various wars. The kingdom reached from the Bekaa Valley to the border of Palmyra. The city grew very wealthy under Roman rule. It became a major center for trade through Palmyra. During the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, the city began to mint its own coins.

Monnaie frappée en la cité d'Emese
Monnaie frappée en la cité d'Emese

The city also gained special status under the emperors Caracalla and Elagabalus. Elagabalus served as a high priest for the local sun god, El-Gabal.

Bronze-Uranius Antoninus-Elagabal stone-SGI 4414
Bronze-Uranius Antoninus-Elagabal stone-SGI 4414

Religion in Homs has shifted through many stages. It was originally a center for the worship of El-Gabal. This was a pagan sun deity represented by a black stone.

Emesa helmet (profile)
Emesa helmet (profile)

Later, Christianity became very important under the Byzantine Empire. In 452, a head believed to be from John the Baptist was found in a nearby cave. This discovery made Homs an important center for Eastern Christianity. In the 7th century, the city was conquered by Muslim forces. The Rashidun army captured the city peacefully in 637 CE. The inhabitants paid a ransom of 71,000 to 170,000 dinars to secure peace.

Vase d'Émèse (Louvre, Bj 1895)
Vase d'Émèse (Louvre, Bj 1895)

The economy of Homs has changed many times. For 2,000 years, it has been a key agricultural and trade center. In the 19th century, the city's economy grew when the cotton industry boomed. During the modern era, it became an industrial center with an oil refinery.

Oil refinery in Homs, 2010
Oil refinery in Homs, 2010

However, the city has also faced significant hardship. Much of Homs was devastated during the Siege of Homs in the Syrian civil war.

Homs 13970819 18
Homs 13970819 18

Reconstruction is currently underway in the affected areas.

Recent events have changed the political landscape of the city. In December 2024, Syrian rebels began an offensive. They entered Homs and took control of the city on December 8. Despite these shifts, Homs remains a critical geographic point. It connects the interior of the country to the sea. Its history as a trade and military hub continues to shape its importance in the region.

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🖼️ Images & Media (25)
File:Emesa helmet (profile).jpg
Emesa helmet (profile).jpg
File:Tomb of Sampsigeramus 1907 2.jpg
Tomb of Sampsigeramus 1907 2.jpg
File:Monnaie frappée en la cité d'Emese.jpg
Monnaie frappée en la cité d'Emese.jpg
File:Bronze-Uranius Antoninus-Elagabal stone-SGI 4414.jpg
Bronze-Uranius Antoninus-Elagabal...
File:Vase d'Émèse (Louvre, Bj 1895).jpg
Vase d'Émèse (Louvre, Bj 1895).jpg
File:Frescos in Saint Elian Church - Hims, Syria.jpg
Frescos in Saint Elian Church - Hims, Syria.jpg
File:Interior - Al-Nuri Mosque - Hims, Syria.jpg
Interior - Al-Nuri Mosque - Hims, Syria.jpg
File:1281BattleOfHoms.JPG
1281BattleOfHoms.JPG
File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG
BattleOfHoms1299.JPG
File:18th century original drawing of the castle of Hims by Cassas.jpg
18th century original drawing of the...
File:D025-vue générale de homs.-L2-Ch4.png
D025-vue générale de homs.-L2-Ch4.png
File:Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg
Ibn-Whalid-Moschee.jpg

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