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Hindu art

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Hindu art is a vast collection of artistic traditions connected to Hinduism. This religion includes about 1.2 billion followers. This represents roughly 15 to 16 percent of the world's population. Because religion and culture are inseparable in this tradition, art influences almost every part of life. There are 64 traditional arts that people follow. These range from classical music to the intricate application of jewelry.

BHANUSINGAR PADAVALI DANCE BALLET DSC 3649
BHANUSINGAR PADAVALI DANCE BALLET DSC 3649

Artists use recurring symbols to express their faith. You might see the lotus flower or deities depicted with extra limbs. These symbols appear in sculptures, paintings, music, and dance.

The way these images are made has changed over thousands of years. Long ago, people used clay or wood to represent deities. These materials are fragile and often do not survive the passage of time. Eventually, artists moved toward using stone for more permanent sculptures. We see evidence of these early traditions through ancient coins. For example, punch-marked coins from the 3rd century BCE show the deity Balarama. He is identified by the attributes he holds. He carries a plough in his raised left hand and a pestle in his right.

Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum
Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum

Different stages of history shaped the look of Hindu art. Around 100 BCE, the art in Mathura began to show more complex scenes. This period is described as an age of narrative maturation. By the time of the Kushan Empire in the 2nd to 3rd centuries CE, Hindu art grew significantly. It began to include many original Hindu stylistic and symbolic elements. This was different from the simpler style of Buddhist art at the time. In Mathura, Brahmanical deities were given their standard forms. The concept of the avatar, or divine incarnation, also began to emerge in sculpture.

One important type of sculpture is the Caturvyūha, which represents the four emanations of Vishnu. A famous example is the Caturvyūha Viṣṇu statue found in the Mathura Museum.

Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum
Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum

This piece shows Vāsudeva, an avatar of Vishnu, in the center. He is surrounded by other members of the Vrishni clan. His brother Balarama is to his right under a serpent hood. His son Pradyumna and grandson Aniruddha are also part of this composition. The back of the relief features branches of a Kadamba tree. This symbolizes the relationship between the different deities.

The Gupta period, from the 4th to the 6th century CE, brought further changes. During this time, statues focusing on Vishnu began to replace earlier statues of Vāsudeva-Krishna. Artists developed specific iconography, or a system of visual symbols, for Vishnu. Some statues, called Vishnu Caturanana, feature four arms. Other versions show Vishnu with three heads. These include a human head, a lion head for the avatar Narasimha, and a boar head for the avatar Varaha. This style is known as the Visnu Vaikuntha Chaturmurti. Around the 3rd or 4th century CE, the goddess Lakshmi was also incorporated into the Vaishnava pantheon. She became the consort of Vishnu and represents wealth, beauty, and good fortune.

Performing arts like dance and music are also central to the culture. Traditional dances include styles such as Bharatanatyam, Odissi, and Manipuri. These dances are often part of sacred rituals.

Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya performing as DURGA
Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya performing as DURGA

Music is governed by strict guidelines from a treatise called the Natya Shastra. A typical musical ensemble might include several instruments. These include the flute, sitar, tabla, and the harmonium. Many songs focus on theology. They might tell stories of the creation of the earth or praise the various incarnations of a god.

In modern times, art continues to reach people through new forms. "God posters" are a popular genre of religious art. These are often colorful lithographs sold in local shops. They feature deities, saints, or sacred sites. Many families keep these posters in their homes and pass them down through generations. Some posters act as yantras, which are diagrams of sacred sites. These allow a person to mentally perform a pilgrimage. Even simple daily acts can be artistic. People create Rangoli, which are decorative designs made on the floor using flowers or grain.

This shows how art remains a living part of the world.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd century CE, Mathura Museum.jpg
Chaturvuyha Sankarshan Vasudeva 2nd...
File:Flower garland sellers outside Banke Bihari Temple, Vrindavan.jpg
Flower garland sellers outside Banke...
File:Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya performing as DURGA.jpg
Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya performing as DURGA.jpg
File:BHANUSINGAR PADAVALI DANCE BALLET DSC 3649.JPG
BHANUSINGAR PADAVALI DANCE BALLET DSC 3649.JPG
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