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Henry Morgan

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Sir Henry Morgan was a Welsh privateer, plantation owner, and politician.

Pyle pirate prisoner
Pyle pirate prisoner

He lived during the 17th century and became a major figure in the Caribbean. A privateer is a person authorized by a government to attack enemy ships. This was different from a pirate, who acted without legal permission. Morgan used his role to conduct raids against Spanish territories. These actions made him incredibly wealthy. He eventually used his riches to purchase three large sugar plantations in Jamaica.

Much of Morgan's early life remains a mystery to historians. He was born around 1635 in Monmouthshire, Wales.

Voorpagina Americaensche Zee-Roovers
Voorpagina Americaensche Zee-Roovers

It is unclear how he traveled to the West Indies. Some records suggest he may have joined an army sent by Oliver Cromwell in 1654. Other theories suggest he was an apprentice to a cutlery maker. He likely began his maritime career serving under Sir Christopher Myngs.

Christopher Myngs
Christopher Myngs

Myngs led a group of privateers during the Anglo-Spanish War in the late 1650s.

Morgan's career grew through his connection to Sir Thomas Modyford. Modyford was the Governor of Jamaica. In 1667, diplomatic relations between England and Spain were failing. Modyford issued Morgan a letter of marque. This was a legal license to attack and seize Spanish vessels. This document gave Morgan the rank of admiral. He assembled 10 ships and 500 men for his first major mission. He later added 200 more men from the island of Tortuga.

Morgan conducted several famous and lucrative raids. His first target was Puerto del Príncipe, which is now Camagüey in Cuba.

Puerto del Príncipe - being sacked in 1668 - Project Gutenberg eText 19396
Puerto del Príncipe - being sacked in 1668 - Project Gutenberg eText 19396

After that, he targeted Porto Bello in modern-day Panamá. Porto Bello was a major trade hub protected by three large castles.

Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de San Jeronimo, Porto Bello, 1669
Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de San Jeronimo, Porto Bello, 1669

Morgan used canoes to approach the city before dawn. His forces successfully took the castles and the town. This mission showed his skill as a military commander.

In 1668, Morgan also sailed to Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela.

Lake Maracaibo map-en
Lake Maracaibo map-en

He plundered the cities of Maracaibo and Gibraltar. During his escape, he destroyed a large Spanish squadron. His most famous raid occurred in 1671 against Panama City.

His men had to cross the isthmus through thick jungles. This attack took place after a peace treaty had already been signed. Because of this timing, the raid was considered illegal. The Spanish government demanded justice for the attack.

Following the Panama raid, Morgan was arrested and sent to London in 1672.

King Charles II (Lely)
King Charles II (Lely)

Although he faced legal trouble, he was a popular hero in England. King Charles II showed him favor instead of punishing him. In November 1674, Morgan was appointed a Knight Bachelor. He returned to Jamaica to serve as the lieutenant governor. He also served on the Assembly of Jamaica for many years. He even acted as the governor on three separate occasions.

History's view of Morgan is divided due to written accounts. A man named Alexandre Exquemelin was a former shipmate of Morgan. Exquemelin wrote a memoir that accused Morgan of many crimes. He claimed Morgan used widespread torture during his raids. Morgan sued the English publishers for libel and won the case.

Henry Morgan libel news
Henry Morgan libel news

Despite this legal victory, the book changed how people saw him. Many now view him as a scoundrel rather than a hero. His life continues to inspire many pirate stories in fiction.

1922-captainblood-cover
1922-captainblood-cover
539 words

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🖼️ Images & Media (14)
File:Christopher Myngs.jpg
Christopher Myngs.jpg
File:Puerto del Príncipe - being sacked in 1668 - Project Gutenberg eText 19396.jpg
Puerto del Príncipe - being sacked in...
File:Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de San Jeronimo, Porto Bello, 1669.jpg
Henry Morgan's attack on the Castillo de...
File:Pyle pirate prisoner.jpg
Pyle pirate prisoner.jpg
File:Lake Maracaibo map-en.svg
Lake Maracaibo map-en.svg
File:Castillo San Carlos Zulia.jpg
Castillo San Carlos Zulia.jpg
File:Henry Morgan Destroys the Spanish Fleet at Lake Maracaibo.jpg
Henry Morgan Destroys the Spanish Fleet...
File:Captain Henry Morgan before Panama, 1671.jpg
Captain Henry Morgan before Panama, 1671.jpg
File:Captain Henry Morgan attacking Panama.jpg
Captain Henry Morgan attacking Panama.jpg
File:King Charles II (Lely).jpg
King Charles II (Lely).jpg
File:John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery by Sir...
File:Henry Morgan libel news.png
Henry Morgan libel news.png

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