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John Owen (epigrammatist)

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John Owen was a Welsh writer who specialized in a form of poetry called epigrams. An epigram is a short, clever poem that usually uses wit to make a specific point. Owen achieved a high level of mastery in the Latin language. His ability to combine sense with humor earned him great applause across Europe. Because of his skill, scholars of his time called him "the British Martial." This title compared him to Martial, a famous Roman poet known for his own witty epigrams.

Owen's education played a vital role in his development as a poet. He attended Winchester College, where much of the learning focused on producing these short poems. He was exceptionally talented at a young age. When he was only 16, his poems were used in a formal ceremony. This event occurred during a state visit by Queen Elizabeth I to Sir Francis Drake. The ceremony took place at Deptford as Drake returned from sailing around the world.

After his time at Winchester, Owen continued his studies at New College, Oxford. He graduated as a Bachelor of Civil Law in 1590. He served as a fellow at his college from 1584 until 1591. Later, he worked as a schoolmaster in Trelleck and at The King's School in Warwick. By 1614, his annual salary as a schoolmaster had reached £20. Owen died in 1622 and was buried in the old St Paul's Cathedral in London.

Owen's most famous work is a collection titled *Epigrammata*. He began publishing these poems in 1606, and they were an almost instant success. The collection was released in different stages over many years. The first three books appeared in 1606. Subsequent books were published in 1607, 1612, approximately 1613, and 1620. The organization of these books can be complex for readers. Originally, they were published as ten books spread across four separate volumes.

Because the books were released in volumes, the numbering system changed over time. Each volume had its own "Book I," which was distinguished by whom the book was dedicated to. For example, the 1606 volume was dedicated to Lady Mary Neville. The 1607 volume was dedicated to Lady Arabella Stuart. The 1612 volume included books dedicated to Henry, Prince of Wales, and Charles, Duke of York. Later editions eventually collected all these volumes into one single sequence.

Some editions of the *Epigrammata* contain more than the original ten books. The 1620 Leipzig edition included two extra sections, known as Book XI and Book XII. Book XI is a collection of 128 moralizing epigrams called *Monosticha Quaedam Ethica et Politica Veterum Sapientum*. These poems were actually written by Michel Verino, not Owen. Book XII consists of various fragments written by Owen himself. These additions show how collections of classical verse often grew over time.

One of Owen's most lasting contributions is a variation of a famous Latin adage. The phrase is *Tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis*, which means "Times change, and we change with them." Owen's specific version of this idea became so popular that people sometimes attribute the phrase directly to him. This concept even influenced the world of music. The composer Joseph Haydn likely named his Symphony No. 64 *Tempora mutantur* because of Owen's writings.

Owen's work had a massive impact on European literature through many translations. His poems were translated into English, French, German, and Spanish. In 1677, Thomas Harvey published *The Latine epigrams of John Owen*, which is considered the most complete English translation. The Spanish epigrammatist La Torre was also heavily influenced by Owen's style. Despite his literary success, Owen faced challenges due to his religious views. As a staunch Protestant, he wrote witty critiques of the Roman Catholic Church. This led to his *Epigrammata* being placed on the *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*, a list of prohibited books, in 1654.

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