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Greylag goose

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

The greylag goose (*Anser anser*) is a large species of waterfowl within the Anatidae family. It serves as the type species for the genus *Anser*, which is the scientific group containing eleven different types of geese. These birds are highly significant to human history because they are the ancestors of most domestic goose breeds. Humans began domesticating them at least 3,000 years ago in Ancient Egypt.

Greylag goose (Anser anser) head
Greylag goose (Anser anser) head

Physically, the greylag is the largest and bulkiest of the grey geese in its genus. It possesses a rotund body, a long, thick neck, and a large head. Its plumage is primarily greyish brown with a darker head and a paler breast. You can see white lines on its flanks and light-colored wing coverts that contrast with darker flight feathers. The bird has distinctive pink legs and an orange or pink bill. This bill features a nail, which is a hard, horny material at the tip of the upper mandible.

Greylag goose (Anser anser) head
Greylag goose (Anser anser) head

There are two recognized subspecies of the greylag goose. The first is *A. a. anser*, known as the western greylag goose. This subspecies breeds in Iceland and throughout northern and central Europe. The second is *A. a. rubrirostris*, the eastern greylag goose. This subspecies breeds in areas ranging from Romania and Turkey to northeastern China. The eastern subspecies is generally larger than the western one. Where their ranges meet, the two subspecies often intergrade.

Eastern Greylag Geese (Anser anser rubrirostris) (20754135376)
Eastern Greylag Geese (Anser anser rubrirostris) (20754135376)

The history of how we name this bird begins with the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. In 1758, he formally described the species in the tenth edition of *Systema Naturae*. He originally placed the bird in the genus *Anas* and named it *Anas anser*. Later, in 1860, the French naturalist Mathurin Jacques Brisson established the genus *Anser*. The name *Anser* is derived from the Latin word for "goose."

Eastern Greylag Geese (Anser anser rubrirostris) (20754135376)
Eastern Greylag Geese (Anser anser rubrirostris) (20754135376)

Greylag geese follow specific patterns for breeding and survival. In the spring, they travel to northern breeding grounds like moorlands, marshes, or coastal islands. They typically form long-term monogamous pairs that mate for life. The female lays a clutch of three to six eggs, which she incubates for about twenty-eight days. Both parents participate in defending the nest and rearing the young. The chicks are precocial, meaning they can leave the nest shortly after hatching.

Wildgansflug
Wildgansflug

These birds have a widespread Palearctic distribution. They occupy various habitats, including estuaries, steppes, and flooded fields. Many populations migrate south to warmer regions during the autumn. However, rising winter temperatures since the 1950s have changed this behavior. Many birds now stay in northern or central Europe year-round. In the Orkney Islands, the population grew from 300 breeding pairs to 64,000 by 2019. This rapid growth has led to crop damage, making the geese a pest in some areas.

Grågås (Anser anser) - Ystad - 2023
Grågås (Anser anser) - Ystad - 2023

Social behavior and diet are also central to the greylag's life. They are gregarious birds that form massive flocks, sometimes containing thousands of individuals. This grouping provides safety because some birds can watch for predators while others feed. Their diet is largely herbivorous, consisting mostly of grasses and agricultural crops like wheat or barley. They also eat tubers, insects, and even small fish or mollusks. They are very vocal, using loud cackling calls or "triumph calls" to communicate within the flock.

Wildgansflug
Wildgansflug

Greylag geese are also known for their flexible social structures. While most pairs are heterosexual, homosexual pairs are common, making up 14 to 20 percent of ganders in some flocks. These same-sex pairs often hold high-ranking positions due to their strength and courage. They may even act as guardians for the flock. Because they can interbreed with domestic geese, the genetic link between wild and domestic populations remains very strong.

Grågås (Anser anser) - Ystad - 2023
Grågås (Anser anser) - Ystad - 2023
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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Greylag goose (Anser anser) head.jpg
Greylag goose (Anser anser) head.jpg
File:Eastern Greylag Geese (Anser anser rubrirostris) (20754135376).jpg
Eastern Greylag Geese (Anser anser...
File:Wildgansflug.jpg
Wildgansflug.jpg
File:Grågås (Anser anser) - Ystad - 2023.jpg
Grågås (Anser anser) - Ystad - 2023.jpg
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