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Greed

philosophy religion Maturity 13-18 Next article →

Greed, also known as avarice, is an intense and insatiable desire for material gain. This desire can focus on food, money, or land. It can also involve the pursuit of animate or inanimate possessions. Beyond physical objects, greed often involves seeking social value, such as status or power. This pursuit frequently occurs at the expense of others within a community. Psychologically, greed is viewed as an inordinate desire to possess more than is necessary. It is characterized by a constant dissatisfaction with current holdings.

Jacques Callot, Greed, probably after 1621, NGA 5366
Jacques Callot, Greed, probably after 1621, NGA 5366

The mechanism of greed often begins with basic survival. An initial motivation might be to promote the survival of oneself or a family. However, greed can transition into a desire to obstruct competitors. This might involve denying others access to resources needed for comfort or survival. Such behavior is often described as insidious or tyrannical. Erich Fromm described this process as a bottomless pit. He suggested that the effort to satisfy the need never actually reaches satisfaction. This creates a cycle where a person cannot control how their wants change. Once a perceived need is met, it is immediately reformulated into a new want.

Economic and political thinkers have identified different types and impacts of greed. Modern economic thought distinguishes greed from simple self-interest. Thinkers like Adam Smith and Charles de Montesquieu worked to define this line. By the mid-19th century, influenced by Hegel, thinkers saw greed as a social inhibitor. They argued that greed inherent to a society's structure prevents social development. Karl Marx and Thorstein Veblen also explored these negative societal impacts. Max Weber suggested that the spirit of capitalism integrated avarice with utilitarianism. He noted that under the Protestant ethic, wealth becomes ethically bad when it leads to idleness.

The Father and Mother
The Father and Mother

History shows that nearly every culture has observed greed. In Classical Greece, Plato and Aristotle discussed pleonexy. This was an unjust desire for wealth belonging to others. Greek mythology features Tantalus, who was eternally denied food and water. Roman historians like Sallust and Cicero blamed greed for the fall of the Roman Republic. In ancient Persia, the Zoroastrian demon Aži Dahāka represented unslaked desire. Chinese texts like the Zuo zhuan mention the Taotie, a malevolent greedy creature. North American Indian tales sometimes use bears to represent greed within a community.

The worship of Mammon
The worship of Mammon

Religious traditions provide many specific rules regarding greed. The Ten Commandments in the Book of Exodus prohibit theft and covetousness. These laws form the moral foundation for Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and other faiths. The Quran advises against wasteful spending. The Christian Gospels record Jesus warning against all kinds of greed. He taught that a person's life does not consist of their possessions. In the Middle Ages, Dante Alighieri placed the greedy in the fourth circle of Hell. He described them as misers and hoarders who battle one another.

The worship of Mammon
The worship of Mammon

Philosophers have offered various perspectives on the nature of this desire. The Roman Stoic Epictetus compared greed to the thirst of a man with a fever. He argued that such a person can never drink enough to satisfy them. In ancient China, Laozi argued that seeking profit causes disorder in a state. Conversely, the philosopher Xunzi believed greed was a fundamental part of human nature. He argued that strict laws were necessary to suppress these tendencies. This belief formed the basis of Legalism during the Qin dynasty. Mencius believed humans were naturally good but warned against the drive for profit.

The Father and Mother
The Father and Mother

Greed also has measurable connections to human behavior and well-being. Research suggests that greed is a personality trait that can be measured. These measures show links to specific financial behaviors. For example, greed relates to both high earning and poor saving or borrowing habits. It is also linked to unethical behavior in various settings. Most importantly, greed is negatively related to an individual's overall well-being. St. Ambrose of Milan noted that the earth belongs to everyone, not just the rich. He believed that concern for others is the force that holds society together.

The Father and Mother
The Father and Mother
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Gillray Shakespeare Sacrificed 20 June 1789.jpg
File:The Father and Mother.jpg
The Father and Mother.jpg
File:Jacques Callot, Greed, probably after 1621, NGA 5366.jpg
Jacques Callot, Greed, probably after...
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