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Gospel of Matthew

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The Gospel of Matthew is the opening book of the New Testament. It is classified as one of the three synoptic Gospels. This term refers to books that share a similar view or structure. The text details the life of Jesus, whom the author identifies as the Messiah of Israel. It covers his mission, his miracles, and his resurrection. The book serves as a bridge between Jewish tradition and the growing Christian church.

Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion
Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion

The gospel is built around a specific, alternating structure. It moves between blocks of narrative and blocks of discourse. A discourse is a formal long speech or teaching. The author often marks these transitions with the phrase "When Jesus had finished." This creates five distinct cycles of story and teaching. Some scholars believe this mirrors the five books of the Old Testament. Others suggest the structure follows a geographic path from Galilee to Jerusalem. This organized pattern helps the reader follow the progression of Jesus's ministry.

Within these cycles, the author uses various literary tools. He employs parables, which are short stories used to illustrate moral lessons. He also uses the Beatitudes to present the ethics of the Kingdom of Heaven. The author carefully selects titles to define the identity of Jesus. He calls him the Son of David to link him to Israel's kings. He uses the title Son of Man regarding his future judgment. Finally, he uses the title Son of God to show God's revelation through him.

Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion
Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion

Scholars have long debated the identity and timing of the author. Traditional church history, following Papias of Hierapolis, attributes the work to Matthew the disciple. However, most modern scholars view the author as anonymous. This was a common practice for ancient bios, or biographies. Many experts believe a Jewish man wrote the text in the last quarter of the first century. This author likely possessed deep knowledge of technical legal aspects of scripture. Some researchers, like N. T. Wright, suggest an even earlier date between 40 and 50 AD.

To compose this work, the author relied on several existing sources. Most scholars follow the Two-source hypothesis. This theory states that Matthew used the Gospel of Mark and a source called Q. The mathematical evidence for this is quite striking. Matthew and Mark share approximately 600 verses in common. Additionally, Matthew and Luke share about 220 verses that are not found in Mark. This shared material is often attributed to the hypothetical Q source.

Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion
Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion

The setting of the gospel provides important historical context. The text likely emerged from a Greek-speaking Jewish Christian community. Many scholars place this community in Syria, possibly in the city of Antioch. Antioch was the third largest city in the Roman Empire at that time. The community lived during a period of great change. The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 AD was a defining event. This event helped transition the movement from a Jewish messianic group to a gentile-inclusive religion.

Conflict played a significant role in the life of the Matthew community. There were tensions between these early Christians and other Jewish groups. These disputes often centered on the authority of Jesus and the interpretation of the law. The gospel reflects these debates through criticisms of the scribes and Pharisees. The author presents a vision where both Jews and Gentiles can flourish together. He traces Jesus's lineage back to Abraham to emphasize this connection to the Jewish people.

Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion
Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion

Ultimately, the Gospel of Matthew functions as a complex theological document. It connects ancient Hebrew prophecies to the life of Jesus. The author utilized Greek translations of the Psalms and Isaiah to make these connections. He even shows a familiarity with the Masoretic text, which is the Hebrew version of the scriptures. This suggests the author could understand Hebrew. By combining narrative, teaching, and genealogy, the book provides a comprehensive view of early Christian belief.

Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion
Papyrus BnF Suppl. gr. 1120 ii 3 (Gregory-Aland papyrus P4) - Gospel of Matthew's title, euangelion kata Maththaion
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