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Gospel of Luke

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The Gospel of Luke is a major text within the New Testament canon. It provides a detailed account of the origins, birth, ministry, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus. This book is actually one half of a much larger two-volume work. The second volume is known as the Acts of the Apostles. Together, these two books are referred to by scholars as Luke–Acts. This combined work is quite significant in its scope. It accounts for 27.5% of the entire New Testament.

Codex Macedoniensis, subscriptio to Luke
Codex Macedoniensis, subscriptio to Luke

The author of this work is not named within the text itself. This was a common practice for ancient historians and biographies. For example, writers like Tacitus and Diogenes Laertius did not name their authors. However, a long-standing tradition identifies the writer as Luke the Evangelist. This tradition claims he was a doctor who traveled with the Apostle Paul. Many scholars believe the author was indeed a companion of Paul. Others disagree because they notice differences between this book and Paul's own letters. Near the end of the 20th century, scholarly opinion on this was split almost evenly.

1602-3 Caravaggio,Supper at Emmaus National Gallery, London
1602-3 Caravaggio,Supper at Emmaus National Gallery, London

Scholars use different theories to explain how the text was composed. Most agree that the author used the Gospel of Mark as a primary source. This is part of the two-source hypothesis, which also suggests the use of a source called Q. Some modern researchers suggest different ideas. They propose the Farrer Hypothesis or the Matthean Posteriority Hypothesis. These ideas suggest Luke might have used the Gospel of Matthew directly. The author of Luke was likely an educated, urban man of some means. He seemed to respect manual work, even though he was not a laborer himself. This is important because his audience included the artisans and small business-people of the early church.

We do not possess the original copies, known as autographs, of the Gospels. Instead, we rely on third-generation copies that vary slightly from one another. These manuscripts are often categorized into two main families or "text-types." The first is the Alexandrian text-type, which includes the famous 4th-century Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The second is the Western text-type. Some scholars believe the Western text resulted from deliberate revisions in the second century. One very early manuscript is Papyrus 75, dating to the late 2nd or early 3rd century. This papyrus includes an attribution of the Gospel to Luke.

The structure of the Gospel follows a very specific geographic and theological path. It begins with a preface and the birth narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus. From there, the story starts in Galilee and moves toward a climax in Jerusalem. The author presents a three-stage concept called "salvation history." This history moves from the time of the Law and prophets to the epoch of Jesus. The final stage is the period of the church. The Holy Spirit plays a very prominent role in this narrative. This emphasis helps form the foundation for the early Christian community.

Representation of the Sower's parable
Representation of the Sower's parable

The Gospel is unique because it includes a formal prologue. In this preface, the author addresses a person named Theophilus. The name Theophilus means "Lover of God." He may have been a specific Christian convert or a literary patron. The author claims he has used careful investigation to write an orderly account. He wanted to provide a reliable narrative that was superior to previous attempts. The book was likely written to be read aloud in houses. This would happen during gatherings to share the Lord's Supper. The author writes for an educated, Greek-speaking audience.

Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 023
Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 023

Luke–Acts serves as a religio-political history of the church's founder and his successors. It shares many similarities with the works of other ancient historians. For instance, the historian Josephus also wrote histories that anchored his people through stories of great founders. The Gospel of Luke is one of the three "Synoptic Gospels." This means it covers many of the same events as Matthew and Mark. It uses similar language and follows a comparable narrative outline. By documenting these events, the work provides a framework for the liturgical calendar. It also offers a historical outline that many generations have used to understand the story of Jesus.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Dublin, Chester Beatty Ms Papyrus 45 BP I ff.13-14 Luke 11.50-12.12; 12.18-37; 12.42-13.1; 13.jpg
Dublin, Chester Beatty Ms Papyrus 45 BP I...
File:Codex Macedoniensis, subscriptio to Luke.jpg
Codex Macedoniensis, subscriptio to Luke.jpg
File:Representation of the Sower's parable.JPEG
Representation of the Sower's parable.JPEG
File:Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 023.jpg
Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 023.jpg
File:1602-3 Caravaggio,Supper at Emmaus National Gallery, London.jpg
1602-3 Caravaggio,Supper at Emmaus...
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