Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🗺️

Gorakhpur

geography Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Gorakhpur is a significant city located in the northern part of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It sits within the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain, a region defined by its flat and low-lying landscape. The city is positioned at an altitude of 69 metres above sea level. It serves as a major administrative hub for the Gorakhpur district and the North Eastern Railway Zone. The city is also the headquarters for the Gorakhpur division. Geographically, it is situated approximately 272 kilometres east of Lucknow, the state capital. It lies about 100 kilometres from the border of Nepal.

Gorakhpur Airport new terminal building
Gorakhpur Airport new terminal building

The physical landscape of Gorakhpur is shaped by its rivers and fertile soil. The city is located at the confluence where the Rohin River meets the Rapti River. The Rapti is a tributary of the Ghaghara River and acts as a primary watercourse. Centuries of sediment deposition by these rivers have created a landscape of fertile alluvial soil. This soil makes the surrounding plains excellent for agriculture. However, the river's movements have changed the land over time. The Rapti once flowed through a different course, passing through what is now the Ramgarh Tal Lake.

Ramgarh Tal Lake, Gorakhpur, 8 Apr 2019
Ramgarh Tal Lake, Gorakhpur, 8 Apr 2019

Water features are central to the local environment and ecology. The Ramgarh Tal Lake is a major feature in the eastern part of the city. In 1970, this lake covered 723 hectares, but it now spans about 678 hectares. To the north, the Maheshra Tal lake supports a rich ecosystem of zooplankton and phytoplankton. Further west, 44 kilometres from the city, lies the Bakhira Sanctuary. This is the largest natural floodplain wetland in India, covering 29 square kilometres. It is recognized as a Ramsar site and provides a habitat for many migratory birds.

Nature photo of bakhira bird sanctuary clicked by saurabh
Nature photo of bakhira bird sanctuary clicked by saurabh

The history of Gorakhpur is tied to its name and ancient traditions. The name comes from the Sanskrit term Gorakshapuram, meaning the abode of Gorakshanatha. Gorakshanatha was a famous ascetic and a prominent saint of the Nath Sampradaya. Local legends date back to the 10th century with the construction of the Mansarowar and Kauladah tanks. These were reportedly built by a married couple named Man Sen and Kaulavati. Later, the area was ruled by groups such as the Domkatars Bhumihars and the Shrinet Rajputs. Around 1400, a family dispute caused one branch of the Satasi dynasty to move to Purana Gorakhpur.

MMMUT main building, admin block
MMMUT main building, admin block

During the Mughal period, Gorakhpur grew into a large and important town. By the late 1500s, it was a significant center under the rule of Akbar. In 1572, a Mughal garrison was established there to govern the region. The city was listed as the capital of a sarkar within the subah of Awadh in the 1595 text, the Ain-i-Akbari. The Gorakhpur mahal was expected to supply 200 infantry and 40 cavalry to the Mughal army. The city also operated a mint that issued copper coins under Akbar. By the time of Aurangzeb, this mint had also begun issuing silver coins. In the late 1600s, the city was officially renamed Mu'azzamabad.

Front gate of Gorakhpur Junction railway station
Front gate of Gorakhpur Junction railway station

British rule began in 1801 following the Treaty of 10 November 1801. This treaty was signed when the Nawab of Awadh ceded the region to the East India Company. Because Gorakhpur is near Nepal, the British established a cantonment to prevent Nepalese incursions. The city played a role in the Anglo-Nepalese War between 1814 and 1816. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, a local leader named Muhammad Hasan declared himself ruler. The British eventually reasserted control in August 1858 with the help of Gurkha forces. In the 20th century, the city became a center for the Indian independence movement. The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 was a notable and violent event in this struggle.

Today, Gorakhpur is a modern urban center with diverse functions. It is home to the Gita Press, which has been the world's largest publisher of Hindu religious texts since 1926. The city manages a tropical wet and dry climate, known as Cwa in the Köppen classification. This climate includes three seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. The monsoon season brings heavy rains, making the district vulnerable to flooding. Data shows that extreme flood events occur every three to four years. These floods affect roughly 20% of the population. Despite these challenges, the city remains a vital hub for transport and culture.

Sunset views
Sunset views
716 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Ramgarh Tal Lake, Gorakhpur, 8 Apr 2019.jpg
Ramgarh Tal Lake, Gorakhpur, 8 Apr 2019.jpg
File:Sunset views.jpg
Sunset views.jpg
File:Nature photo of bakhira bird sanctuary clicked by saurabh.jpg
Nature photo of bakhira bird sanctuary...
File:Front gate of Gorakhpur Junction railway station.jpg
Front gate of Gorakhpur Junction railway...
File:Gorakhpur_Airport_new_terminal_building.jpg
Gorakhpur_Airport_new_terminal_building.jpg
File:MMMUT main building, admin block.jpg
MMMUT main building, admin block.jpg
More to explore

✨ What else?

Related topics you might enjoy

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.