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Golden hour (photography)

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The golden hour is a special period of daytime for photographers and cinematographers. It occurs shortly after sunrise or just before sunset. During this time, the daylight appears much redder and softer than midday light.

Newbury Racecourse Road
Newbury Racecourse Road

Many professionals also call this period the magic hour. This specific timing creates a unique visual atmosphere. It is highly valued for making scenes look beautiful and warm.

This lighting effect happens because of how sunlight interacts with our atmosphere. When the sun is low on the horizon, its rays must travel a greater distance through the air. This long path reduces the intensity of direct light. Instead, more of the illumination comes from indirect light from the sky.

PlanckianLocus
PlanckianLocus

This process is a type of lighting diffusion. As the light travels, more blue light is scattered away. This leaves the sun appearing more reddish to the eye. Additionally, the low angle of the sun produces much longer shadows.

Scientists use a measurement called color temperature to describe these changes. Color temperature is measured in Kelvins, or K. At midday, the color temperature is around 5,500 K. During the golden hour, it drops to approximately 3,500 K. Shortly after sunrise or before sunset, it can fall to about 2,000 K.

PlanckianLocus
PlanckianLocus

These values can change based on altitude, latitude, season, and weather. Understanding these shifts helps creators predict how light will look.

The duration of the golden hour is not a fixed sixty minutes. The term "hour" is used figuratively rather than literally. The actual length of the period depends on your latitude and the time of year. For example, in Los Angeles, California, the sun reaches an altitude of 10–12° about an hour after sunrise or before sunset.

Newbury Racecourse Road
Newbury Racecourse Road

On March 21, 2009, the solar altitude in Los Angeles was 11.7°. On June 21, 2009, it was 10.5°. On September 21, 2009, it was 11.7°. On December 21, 2009, it was 9.75°.

Geography plays a major role in how long this light lasts. Locations closer to the Equator reach these solar altitudes in less than an hour. Locations farther from the Equator take more than an hour to reach that same height. In some very distant locations, the sun may never reach an altitude of 10°. In those specific seasons, the golden hour might actually last the entire day.

20240920 53rd Street Hyde Park Chicago near equinox stacked rotated and recropped 4x3
20240920 53rd Street Hyde Park Chicago near equinox stacked rotated and recropped 4x3

In Chicago, the equinox creates unique opportunities called Chicagohenge. This occurs when sunsets align with east-west streets. Similar events, like Manhattanhenge, happen in other parts of the world.

Different types of photography benefit from these lighting conditions in various ways. Landscape photographers use the warm colors to enhance the natural colors of a scene. Portrait photographers prefer it because the contrast is much lower. During the golden hour, shadows are less dark and highlights are less likely to be overexposed.

Newbury Racecourse Road
Newbury Racecourse Road

This is different from midday lighting, which can create harsh highlights and dark shadows. In midday light, photographers may need a fill flash to balance shadows on a person's face. The golden hour provides a more naturally diffuse and warm light.

Beyond still photos, the golden hour is a vital tool in filmmaking. It can change the entire mood of a motion picture. One notable example is the 1978 film *Days of Heaven*. This movie received acclaim for its cinematography because it was filmed almost entirely during the golden hour.

Newbury Racecourse Road
Newbury Racecourse Road

There is also a related period called the blue hour. This happens when the sun is at a significant depth below the horizon. During the blue hour, residual sunlight takes on a predominantly blue shade. This period occurs shortly before the magic hour at sunrise or after it at sunset.

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File:20240920 53rd Street Hyde Park Chicago near equinox stacked rotated and recropped 4x3.jpg
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