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Giovanni Boccaccio

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Giovanni Boccaccio was a monumental figure in fourteenth-century European literature.

Italian (Florentine) School - Boccaccio (1313–1375) (Giovanni Boccaccio) - 355512 - National Trust
Italian (Florentine) School - Boccaccio (1313–1375) (Giovanni Boccaccio) - 355512 - National Trust

He was a versatile writer, a poet, and an essential Renaissance humanist. Scholars like Vittore Branca have identified him as the greatest European prose writer of his era. Boccaccio was known for his experimentalism, which means he combined different literary genres into original works. He is celebrated as one of the "Three Crowns" of Italian literature. This title places him alongside Dante Alighieri and Petrarch. His work helped establish the foundations of humanism in Florence.

Boccaccio01
Boccaccio01

Boccaccio's literary style was defined by its realism and use of the Tuscan vernacular. Unlike many medieval writers who used formulaic models for plots, Boccaccio created realistic dialogue. His most famous work, *The Decameron*, is a collection of one hundred short stories. The book uses a frame-story structure involving a group called the *lieta brigata*. This group consisted of three men and seven women.

Giovanni Boccaccio and Florentines who have fled from the plague
Giovanni Boccaccio and Florentines who have fled from the plague

The work was largely completed by 1352, though he revised it between 1370 and 1371. His prose was so influential that Pietro Bembo later used the Boccaccian style as a model for Italian prose in the sixteenth century.

His early life was marked by movement between Florence and Naples. Born around 1313, he was the son of a Florentine merchant named Boccaccino di Chellino. In 1326, his family moved to Naples when his father became a bank head. Boccaccio served as a banking apprentice, but he found the profession unappealing. He eventually studied canon law, which is religious law, at the Studium in Naples for six years. During this time, he pursued scientific and literary interests instead of banking. His father's connections introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the court of King Robert the Wise.

In Naples, Boccaccio discovered his true vocation in poetry. He produced several important works during this period, such as *Il Filostrato* and *Teseida*. These poems later served as sources for famous English works by Geoffrey Chaucer. He also wrote *The Filocolo*, a prose version of a French romance. His work during this era included formal innovations like the possible introduction of the Sicilian octave. These poetic developments later influenced his friend and mentor, Petrarch. Boccaccio returned to Florence in 1341, following political tensions in Naples and his father's bankruptcy.

Boccaccio's life was deeply impacted by the Black Death in 1348. The plague killed approximately three-quarters of the population in Florence.

Giovanni Boccaccio and Florentines who have fled from the plague
Giovanni Boccaccio and Florentines who have fled from the plague

While Boccaccio spent much time in Ravenna during this era, the epidemic influenced his writing. *The Decameron* reflects the realities of this period. After his father died in 1349, Boccaccio took on more responsibility as the head of his family. He also became more involved in the Florentine government, undertaking various diplomatic missions to places like Milan, Avignon, and Brandenburg.

His relationship with Francesco Petrarch was a turning point in his career. They met in Florence in 1350 and became close friends. Boccaccio referred to Petrarch as his *magister*, or teacher. Petrarch encouraged Boccaccio to study classical Greek and Latin literature. This collaboration led to the writing of *Genealogia deorum gentilium*. Completed in 1360, this work became a primary reference for classical mythology for over 400 years.

Genealogia deorum gentilium
Genealogia deorum gentilium

Boccaccio also championed the study of Greek, even housing scholars like Leontius Pilatus to assist with translations of Homer and Aristotle.

Later in life, Boccaccio focused on biographical works that defended the study of antiquity. In 1360, he began *De mulieribus claris*, or *On Famous Women*. This work provided biographies for 106 famous women and was completed in 1374.

De claris mulieribus
De claris mulieribus

He also wrote *De casibus virorum illustium*, which focused on moralistic biographies. Boccaccio believed that much could be learned from ancient pagan sources. He challenged religious intellectuals who wanted to limit access to these classical texts. His defense of ancient literature was a vital requirement for the development of the Renaissance.

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