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Il Canzoniere

arts Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The *Canzoniere* is a famous collection of Italian poems. It was written by the poet Petrarch. The book is also known by the names *Rime Sparse* or *Rerum vulgarium fragmenta*. That original title means "fragments composed in the vernacular." The vernacular is the common language used for trade. Most of Petrarch's other writings were in Latin. However, he chose to use Italian for this specific collection. He actually believed that Italian was less adequate for expression than Latin.

Petrarca - Canzoniere, MCCCCLXX - 929090 Carta
Petrarca - Canzoniere, MCCCCLXX - 929090 Carta

The collection is made of 366 individual poems. The vast majority of these are in the sonnet form, which includes 317 poems. Petrarch also included other poetic styles in the sequence. There are 29 *canzoni*, which are long lyrical poems. He also wrote 9 *sestinas*, 4 *madrigals*, and 7 *ballate*. Petrarch worked on these manuscripts for forty years. He began writing shortly after 1327. He wrote the final poems around 1368. He continued to transcribe and order the sequence until his death in 1374.

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Canzoniere7

The central theme of the work is Petrarch's love for a woman named Laura. He reportedly met her on April 6, 1327. This meeting took place at the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon. Scholars use his meticulous dating to track his life through these verses. Some readers divide the poems into two sections. One section is called *In vita*, meaning "In life." The other is *In morte*, meaning "In death." Petrarch did not actually make this distinction himself.

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Canzone-323-grifo-queriniana-G-V-15-f96v-f97r-c1390s

Petrarch's poems explore many deep psychological ideas. He used the theme of Laura to study the human mind. One major idea is the paradox of Petrarchan love. This is the feeling that love is both desired and painful. He also explored the instability of the human mind. The poems look at the changing nature of man and the passing of time. Other themes include religion, politics, and the desire for glory. He even considered the art of poetic creation itself.

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Canzoniere7

To build these themes, Petrarch drew from many sources. He used Ovid's *Metamorphoses* to show themes of instability. He also used ideas from Virgil's *Aeneid*. He inherited rhetorical skill from Sicilian courtly poetry. This included the work of Giacomo da Lentini, the inventor of the sonnet. He was also likely influenced by the troubadours. These poets wrote about chivalry in the Provençal language. They often placed the female figure in a position of adoration.

Canzone-323-grifo-queriniana-G-V-15-f96v-f97r-c1390s
Canzone-323-grifo-queriniana-G-V-15-f96v-f97r-c1390s

The *Canzoniere* had a massive impact on European literature. It was the greatest influence on Renaissance love poetry for centuries. In England, Geoffrey Chaucer used parts of it in 1380. Later, Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard translated the poems. These translations helped make the ten-syllable line a standard in English. They are even credited with reforming the English language. Their work paved the way for famous poets like Sidney and Shakespeare.

Petrarca - Canzoniere, MCCCCLXX - 929090 Carta
Petrarca - Canzoniere, MCCCCLXX - 929090 Carta

France also felt the influence of Petrarch's work. Early French poets like Clément Marot and Mellin Saint Gelais studied him. Saint Gelais spent nine years in Italy to learn more. The first French sonnet sequence was *L'Olive* by Joachim du Bellay in 1549. This collection originally had 50 sonnets. Du Bellay later added more to reach 115 poems. Fourteen of those sonnets specifically reference Petrarch. Pierre de Ronsard also used Petrarch's style to create original works.

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