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Gender

society Maturity 11-13 Vital Level 3 social justice Next article →

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Gender is a way to describe how people live in society. It includes social, psychological, and cultural parts of being a man or a woman. Some people also identify as a third gender. Many cultures use a system called a gender binary. This means they divide people into two groups based on their biological sex. People who do not fit into these two groups are often called non-binary.

Male and female sign
Male and female sign

Some societies have even more groups. For example, the hijras live in South Asia. In North America, some native people are called two-spirit.

Venus symbol (fixed width)
Venus symbol (fixed width)

Scientists study gender in many different ways. They look at how social roles and expressions work. Some researchers use a biopsychosocial approach. This means they look at biology, psychology, and social culture all at once. Natural scientists study if biological differences change how people act. Social scientists often look at gender as a social construct. This means it is something created by how people live together.

Yin yang
Yin yang

ways the word gender is used has changed over time. Long ago, the word mostly referred to grammar. It was used to sort words into categories like masculine or feminine. In the mid-20th century, the meaning began to shift. By the 1950s and 1960s, it started to mean something different in social science. In the 1970s, feminist scholars helped make a clear distinction. They separated biological sex from the social idea of gender.

The Roaring Girle, or Moll Cut-Purse (1611) detail
The Roaring Girle, or Moll Cut-Purse (1611) detail

History shows us how these ideas grew. Before 1964, the word gender was very rare in studies about marriage. An analysis of 30 million article titles showed its use grew greatly. By the end of the 20th century, it was used more than the word sex in many fields. The US Food and Drug Administration used the word gender in 1993. They did this to avoid confusion with other meanings. In 2011, the FDA changed its rules again. They started using sex for biology and gender for how people see themselves.

Gender and poverty 2012
Gender and poverty 2012

Biology also plays a part in how gender is felt. Some research looks at how hormones in the womb affect people. For example, higher levels of male hormones can influence behavior. Some women have a condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This can lead to different interests in activities. Scientists also study if genes or the brain influence gender identity. This helps us understand the complex link between our bodies and our identities.

Male symbol (fixed width)
Male symbol (fixed width)
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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Sebastian Berggren 1999 for Wild Side Story.jpg
Sebastian Berggren 1999 for Wild Side Story.jpg
File:2013 Rally for Transgender Equality 21175.jpg
2013 Rally for Transgender Equality 21175.jpg
File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg
Venus symbol (fixed width).svg
File:Male symbol (fixed width).svg
Male symbol (fixed width).svg
File:Male and female sign.svg
Male and female sign.svg
File:Fire symbol (alchemical).svg
Fire symbol (alchemical).svg
File:Square symbol.svg
Square symbol.svg
File:Full moon symbol.svg
Full moon symbol.svg
File:The Roaring Girle, or Moll Cut-Purse (1611) detail.jpg
The Roaring Girle, or Moll Cut-Purse...
File:WomanFactory1940s.jpg
WomanFactory1940s.jpg
File:La defensa de Zaragoza, por David Wilkie.jpg
La defensa de Zaragoza, por David Wilkie.jpg
File:Yin yang.svg
Yin yang.svg

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