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Franz Waxman

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Franz Waxman was a highly influential German-born composer and conductor.

He is best known for his mastery of film music, a genre that uses orchestral sounds to support cinematic storytelling. Throughout his career, Waxman composed over 150 film scores and many serious concert works. His ability to blend classical techniques with the needs of Hollywood made him a leader in his field. He received twelve Academy Award nominations for his work. Most notably, he won two Oscars in consecutive years for his scores to *Sunset Boulevard* and *A Place in the Sun*.

Waxman used complex musical structures to create specific moods and psychological effects in films. He often employed a fugue, which is a musical technique where different melodic lines overlap and imitate one another. He used this style in *Objective, Burma!* and later in *Taras Bulba*. In the film *Sorry, Wrong Number*, he utilized a passacaglia, a form involving a continuous repeating bass line. For *Sunset Boulevard*, he used fast-paced, powerful notes and frequent trills to represent a character's insanity. These trills are rapid, shaking musical notes. He even used a fantasia on a single note to create a sense of tension in *The Bride of Frankenstein*.

His musical output can be divided into his film scores and his concert works. In the film industry, he worked for major studios including Universal, MGM, and Warner Bros. His film scores ranged from horror and suspense, such as *Rebecca*, to grand epics like *Taras Bulba*. In the concert hall, he composed large-scale works like the oratorio *Joshua*. An oratorio is a large musical composition for orchestra and voices, usually on a religious or serious theme. He also wrote the *Sinfonietta for Strings and Timpani*, which showcased his skill with orchestral textures.

Waxman's life began in Königshütte in the Prussian Province of Silesia. He was born Franz Wachsmann in 1906 to Jewish parents. When he was three years old, a serious eye injury involving boiling water permanently impaired his vision. At age 16, he enrolled in the Dresden Music Academy to study composition and conducting. He supported his education by playing popular music as a pianist with the Weintraub Syncopators. After working as an orchestrator in Germany, he faced violence from Nazi sympathizers in Berlin in 1934. This event led him to leave Germany, moving first to Paris and eventually to Hollywood.

In Hollywood, Waxman's career grew rapidly after his work on *Liliom* impressed director James Whale. This success led to his appointment as Head of Music at Universal Studios in 1935. He later moved to MGM and then to Warner Bros., where he worked alongside other famous composers. In 1947, he founded the Los Angeles Music Festival to bring European cultural standards to the West Coast. He served as the festival's music director and conductor for the rest of his life. Through this festival, he conducted many West Coast premieres for both film and concert composers.

Waxman's legacy is preserved through many commercial recordings on LP and CD.

The American Film Institute ranked his score for *Sunset Boulevard* as the 16th greatest film score ever made. Other scores of his, such as *The Nun's Story* and *Peyton Place*, also appeared on their prestigious list. His music has been recorded by various groups, including the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the City of Prague Philharmonic. These recordings ensure that his inventive use of sound continues to reach new audiences worldwide.

One of his most profound achievements was *The Song of Terezín*, composed between 1964 and 1965. This work is scored for an orchestra, a mixed chorus, a children's chorus, and a soprano soloist. The music is based on poetry written by children in the Theresienstadt concentration camp during World War II. This piece connects his deep technical skill with a significant moment in human history. Even as he worked on television shows like *Gunsmoke*, his reputation as a master composer remained at its zenith. He passed away from cancer in February 1967, shortly after his sixtieth birthday.

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