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Fantasy literature

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Fantasy literature is a genre of speculative fiction set in imaginary universes. These worlds often contain magic, supernatural elements, and magical creatures. While some fantasy stories include real-world locations or people, others exist in entirely separate realms. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by its lack of scientific themes. It is also distinguished from horror by the absence of macabre themes. This genre serves a wide audience, including both children and adults.

Many fantasy works use specific mechanisms to build their worlds. Some writers use elements as personifications of the forces of nature. This tradition draws from the ideas of Empedocles. In the 16th century, the alchemist Paracelsus identified four specific types of beings tied to these elements. He named gnomes as earth elementals and undines as water beings. He also identified sylphs for air and salamanders for fire. These names often overlap with beings found in various folklores.

Fantasy stories often feature distinct types of characters and structures. Talking animals with human qualities are a staple of the genre. This tradition is seen in the Panchatantra, a collection of fables from India. Some scholars believe this work was composed in Kashmir around the 3rd century BC. These animal fables were used to illustrate principles of political science. Another common type is the frame story. The Baital Pachisi is a collection of fantasy tales set within a larger frame story. This structure was highly influential on later works like the Arabian Nights.

History shows that fantasy began with spoken traditions long before printed books. Classical mythology provides some of the oldest roots. The works of Homer in Greece and Virgil in Rome are primary examples. The Welsh tradition is also a major source, especially through the Mabinogion. This collection includes stories connected to King Arthur. The Irish Ulster and Fenian Cycles have also been used as sources. These legends eventually developed into the independent fictional worlds of chivalric romance.

During the Renaissance, fantasy took on new forms. Sir Thomas Malory wrote Le Morte d'Arthur between 1408 and 1471. This prose work dominates Arthurian literature. Other important texts include the Spanish Amadis de Gaula from 1508. The Renaissance also saw the rise of literary fairy tales. Giambattista Basile published the Pentamerone, the first collection containing solely fairy tales. Giovanni Francesco Straparola also published collections of literary fairy tales between 1550 and 1555. These works established a tradition that continues in modern fantasy.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the genre saw significant shifts. Madame d'Aulnoy invented the term "contes de fée," or fairy tales, to distinguish them from stories without marvels. However, the Enlightenment era was often hostile to fantasy. Writers like Defoe and Fielding focused on a realistic style. This changed with the Romanticism movement in the late 18th century. Romanticism promoted the importance of imagination and spirituality over pure reason. This movement helped rehabilitate the genre and provided many modern motifs.

Romanticism also led to the creation of the Gothic novel. Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, written in 1764, is a predecessor to modern fantasy and horror.

Brothers Grimm Blow
Brothers Grimm Blow

Later, the Brothers Grimm collected folktales and ballads. Their 1812 collection, Grimm's Fairy Tales, was inspired by German Romanticism. These collections became major sources for later fantasy writers. This era also saw a revival of interest in medieval romances, which provided the foundation for much modern storytelling.

Today, fantasy has expanded far beyond the printed page. Since the 1960s, the genre has grown into new media. This includes fantasy films, television programs, and graphic novels. Video games and music also serve as major platforms for fantasy.

Sanderson, Erikson, Brooks, Reeve and Kahn - Lucca Comics & Games 2016
Sanderson, Erikson, Brooks, Reeve and Kahn - Lucca Comics & Games 2016

Famous series like Harry Potter and The Chronicles of Narnia continue this legacy. Modern authors like Brandon Sanderson also contribute to the evolving landscape of the genre. Fantasy remains a powerful way to explore the limits of human imagination.

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