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Exam

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An examination, often called an exam or an evaluation, is a formal assessment. Its purpose is to measure a person's knowledge, skill, or aptitude. It can also measure physical fitness or classify people based on their beliefs.

APFT-JH-12-19
APFT-JH-12-19

Tests are not all the same. They vary in style, difficulty, and specific requirements. There is no single global standard for how a test should look. Instead, the format usually depends on the teacher's philosophy or the subject matter. It might also depend on the size of the class or the rules of an institution.

Students taking computerized exam
Students taking computerized exam

Tests can be administered in several different ways. Some are verbal, meaning they are spoken aloud. Others are written on paper or completed on a computer.

Donboscocambodia0001
Donboscocambodia0001

Some assessments take place in a specific area where a person must demonstrate a physical skill. We can also divide tests into formal and informal categories. An informal test might be a parent checking a child's reading skills. A formal test is more structured, like an IQ test given by a psychologist. Formal tests often result in a specific grade or a numerical score.

SMATrinitasUlum
SMATrinitasUlum

When a test is finished, the score is often interpreted using a norm or a criterion. A norm is a standard established by looking at a large group of participants. This allows researchers to see how one person compares to many others. The person who creates the test might not be the one who gives it. For example, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) in the United States develops the SAT. However, the ETS does not always handle the actual proctoring or administration of the exam.

StateLibQld 1 100348
StateLibQld 1 100348

Testing has a long and complex history. Informal tests have existed for a very long time. In ancient China, people held archery contests to test their physical skills.

Xu Xianqing part11
Xu Xianqing part11

Oral examinations were also common in ancient China and Europe. In China, the Han dynasty established early precursors to the imperial examination system. During this time, many government jobs were still filled through recommendations based on social status or morals. This changed as more structured systems were developed over many centuries.

Standardized written examinations first appeared in China as the imperial examinations, or keju. The concept of a bureaucratic examination system began in 605 during the Sui dynasty. The Tang dynasty later used these exams on a small scale. The system grew significantly during the reign of Wu Zetian. The Song dynasty expanded the system even further to counter the power of hereditary nobility. This expansion increased the number of degree holders to more than five times the amount seen in the Tang dynasty.

ThiHuong1888
ThiHuong1888

These exams became the main way to select scholar-officials for the government.

Other Asian nations also adopted similar systems. Japan used an examination system during the Heian period from 794 to 1185. This system focused on the Confucian canon but only applied to the minor nobility. Korea established its system in 958 under Gwangjong of Goryeo. In Korea, any free man could take the exams. Vietnam established its Confucian system in 1075 under the Lý dynasty. This system lasted until 1919 and included three distinct levels: interprovincial, pre-court, and court.

ThiHuong1888
ThiHuong1888

In Europe, the history of testing developed differently. The earliest evidence of examinations in Europe dates to around 1215 in Bologna. These were mostly oral, involving public lectures and questions from doctors. Written examinations did not appear at Trinity College, Cambridge, until 1702.

Tripos exam 1842
Tripos exam 1842

In the 18th and 19th centuries, many European thinkers admired the Chinese system. They saw it as a meritocracy, which is a system where people rise based on talent. This influence helped shape modern civil service models in Britain and elsewhere.

US Navy 120119-N-GZ832-006 Chief Damage Controlman Ty Griffin proctors the chief petty officer exam aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Ca
US Navy 120119-N-GZ832-006 Chief Damage Controlman Ty Griffin proctors the chief petty officer exam aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Ca
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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Donboscocambodia0001.JPG
Donboscocambodia0001.JPG
File:Students taking computerized exam.jpg
Students taking computerized exam.jpg
File:Xu Xianqing part11.jpg
Xu Xianqing part11.jpg
File:ThiHuong1888.jpg
ThiHuong1888.jpg
File:Tripos_exam_1842.jpg
Tripos_exam_1842.jpg
File:StateLibQld 1 100348.jpg
StateLibQld 1 100348.jpg
File:SMATrinitasUlum.JPG
SMATrinitasUlum.JPG
File:APFT-JH-12-19.jpg
APFT-JH-12-19.jpg
File:US Navy 120119-N-GZ832-006 Chief Damage Controlman Ty Griffin proctors the chief petty officer exam aboard the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Ca.jpg
US Navy 120119-N-GZ832-006 Chief Damage...
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