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Eruca sativa

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Eruca sativa is an edible annual plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It is commonly known by many names, including rocket, arugula, or rucola. This plant is native to the Mediterranean and Asia regions. It is widely popular as a leaf vegetable because of its sharp, pungent flavor.

Because it is an annual, the plant completes its entire life cycle in about one year. It is a versatile plant that can be used in many different ways in cooking.

The physical structure of Eruca sativa is very specific. The plant features pinnate leaves that are deeply lobed. These leaves typically have four to ten small lateral lobes and one large terminal lobe. The flowers grow in a cluster known as a corymb. These flowers have creamy white petals marked with purple veins and yellow stamens.

After flowering, the plant produces a fruit called a siliqua. This is a long pod with an apical beak that contains several seeds. The species has a chromosome number of 2n = 22.

Botanists have debated the exact classification of this plant. Some consider Eruca sativa to be a subspecies of Eruca vesicaria. However, they show different morphological aspects, which means they look different in their physical forms. They differ in their silique shape, their growth habit, and how long their sepals persist. Most importantly, they have partial reproductive isolation. This means they do not hybridize freely with one another. Because of these differences, the Plants of the World Online database accepts it as a distinct species.

The history of rocket is as colorful as its flavor. It has been grown as a popular herb in Italy since Roman times. Ancient Roman authors, such as the poet Virgil, mentioned the plant in poems. Some historical accounts suggest it was viewed as an aphrodisiac. Because of this reputation, some writers claim that growing rocket was forbidden in monasteries during the Middle Ages.

Despite these claims, the leader Charlemagne included it in a decree listing 63 pot herbs suitable for gardens. In the United States, the name "arugula" became common through a 1960 article in The New York Times by Craig Claiborne.

Rocket is a hardy plant that grows in various environments. It typically thrives on dry, disturbed ground. In warm weather, the plant can reach its full size in only 40 to 50 days. If the plant experiences mild frost, the green leaves will actually turn red.

While it is a common garden herb, it can also be an invasive species. In the Sonora desert of Arizona and California, the plant is considered prolific and noxious. In India and Arabic-speaking countries, the mature seeds are known as "Gargeer."

The nutritional profile of raw rocket is quite impressive. It is composed of 92% water, 4% carbohydrates, and 2.5% protein. It contains a very small amount of fat.

Rocket is a rich source of folate and vitamin K, providing 20% or more of the Daily Value. It is also a good source of vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. It also contains potassium. Because it is mostly water and fiber, a serving provides very little food energy.

Culinary uses for Eruca sativa are found all over the world. In Italy, it is a common pizza garnish and is used in pasta dishes like cavatiéddi. In Rome, it is served in a dish called straccetti with beef and Parmesan.

In Turkey, it is often eaten raw as a side dish with fish, seasoned with olive oil and lemon juice. In Slovenia, it is combined with boiled potatoes or used in soups. In parts of West Asia, Pakistan, and northern India, the seeds are pressed to create taramira oil. This oil is used for pickling or as a cooking oil after it has aged to remove its acridity. The leftover seed cake is even used as animal feed.

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