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Elephant shrew

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Elephant shrews, often called sengis, are small, insectivorous mammals native to Africa.

Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew
Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew

Their common name comes from their long, flexible snouts. These snouts resemble the trunks of elephants. While they look like true shrews, they are not closely related to them. Genetic analysis shows they are actually more closely related to elephants.

Rhynchocyon petersi - StylizedPhylo
Rhynchocyon petersi - StylizedPhylo

In 1997, biologist Jonathan Kingdon proposed the name sengi. This name comes from Bantu languages used in Africa. In 1998, scientists placed them in a group called Afrotheria. This group includes many other African mammals.

These mammals have unique physical traits that help them survive. They are quadrupedal, meaning they walk on four legs. They have long legs relative to their small bodies. These legs allow them to move quickly like rabbits.

Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew skeleton
Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew skeleton

They are among the fastest small mammals in the world. Their bodies vary in size from about 40 grams to 700 grams. The grey-faced sengi is one of the largest, weighing about 700 g. They also have large brains compared to other insect-eating mammals. Their lifespans in the wild are usually between two and a half and four years.

Finding food is a major part of a sengi's daily life. They spend as much as 80% of their active time foraging.

Petrodromus tetradactylus-Zootaxa
Petrodromus tetradactylus-Zootaxa

They use their flexible proboscises to search for prey in the environment. Their diet consists mainly of insects, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and earthworms. Some species also eat small amounts of plant matter like seeds or fruit. To eat, they use their long tongues to flick food into their mouths. This method is very similar to how an anteater feeds. If they catch a large earthworm, they must pin it down with a forefoot. They then chew pieces off with their cheek teeth like a dog.

Elephant shrews live in many different types of habitats across Africa.

Some species live in the Namib Desert, which is one of the driest places on Earth. Others live in thick forests or among rocky outcrops in South Africa. The North African elephant shrew lives in semi-arid, mountainous areas. Some species are quite elusive and difficult to find. For example, scientists did not observe the Somali elephant shrew from 1968 until 2020. This species was eventually rediscovered by researchers in Djibouti.

Most sengis are solitary animals that live alone.

Macroscelides proboscideus Basel Zoo 28102013
Macroscelides proboscideus Basel Zoo 28102013

They use scent glands to mark and defend their home territories. Some species live in monogamous pairs, but they still maintain separate nests. These partners mostly associate with each other for reproduction. Females will often drive away other females to protect their space. Even in pairs, the animals do not show much social connection. They are very wary and use camouflage to hide from threats. If disturbed, they use cleared pathways in the undergrowth to escape quickly.

Reproduction in elephant shrews is a very efficient process. Females have a menstrual cycle similar to human females. Because of this, they were used in the 1940s to study human cycles. This makes them one of the few non-primate mammals to have this trait. After mating, the pair returns to their solitary lives. The gestation period, or pregnancy, lasts between 45 and 60 days. Females give birth to litters of one to three young. These babies are born well developed and can run within hours. After five days, the mother provides mashed insects stored in her cheek pouches.

As the young grow, they quickly become independent. After about 15 days, they enter a migratory phase. This reduces how much they depend on their mother. They eventually establish their own home ranges of about 0.01 square kilometers. They become sexually active quite rapidly, within 41 to 46 days. To stay healthy, they maintain homeothermy, which means they regulate their body temperature. They can keep their body temperature at 35 °C even when the environment changes. They manage heat by increasing evaporative water loss to stay cool.

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🖼️ Images & Media (16)
File:Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew skeleton.jpg
Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew skeleton.jpg
File:Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew.jpg
Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew.jpg
File:Bushveld-elephant-shrew.jpg
Bushveld-elephant-shrew.jpg
File:Macroscelidid skeleton.png
Macroscelidid skeleton.png
File:DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg
DendrohyraxEminiSmit white background.jpg
File:Manatee white background.jpg
Manatee white background.jpg
File:Dugong dugon Hardwicke white background.jpg
Dugong dugon Hardwicke white background.jpg
File:Elephas africanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - (white background).jpg
Elephas africanus - 1700-1880 - Print -...
File:Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png
Aardvark2 (PSF) colourised.png
File:Rhynchocyon petersi - StylizedPhylo.png
Rhynchocyon petersi - StylizedPhylo.png
File:The animal kingdom, arranged according to its organization, serving as a foundation for the natural history of animals (Pl. 18) (Chrysochloris asiatica).jpg
The animal kingdom, arranged according to...
File:Brehms Thierleben - Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs (1876) (Tenrec ecaudatus).jpg
Brehms Thierleben - Allgemeine Kunde des...

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