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Electric stove

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An electric stove is a kitchen appliance that uses electricity to provide heat for cooking and baking.

Electric stove, 2002
Electric stove, 2002

These devices are also known as electric cookers or electric ranges. They serve as integrated units that combine heating elements for pots with an oven for baking. For many years, electric stoves served as a major replacement for solid-fuel stoves. Older models used wood or coal to generate heat. Those older systems required much more labor to operate and maintain than modern electric versions. Today, some advanced models even include built-in extractor hoods to manage cooking vapors.

Most electric stoves function through resistive heating. In early models, resistive heating coils were used to heat up iron hotplates. Cooks would then place their pots directly onto these heated plates. Later, engineers developed composite heating elements to improve this process. These elements consist of resistive wires encased inside hollow metal tubes. The space inside these tubes is packed with a material called magnesite. These tubes are often arranged in a spiral shape. This specific design allows the element to support the cookware directly.

Heating-element
Heating-element

Modern technology has introduced different types of heating surfaces. In the 1970s, glass-ceramic cooktops began to appear on many stoves.

Ceranfeld
Ceranfeld

Glass-ceramic is a special material with very low thermal conductivity. It also has a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion. This means the material does not change size easily when temperatures change. However, it allows infrared radiation to pass through it very well. To generate heat under these smooth surfaces, manufacturers use either electrical heating coils or halogen lamps.

A third technology used in modern kitchens is the induction stove. Induction stoves also feature a smooth glass-ceramic surface. However, they do not use traditional heating coils to warm the cooktop. Instead, they use a process called electromagnetic induction to create heat. This method requires a specific type of cookware to function. Only ferromagnetic cookware, which is metal that can be attracted by a magnet, works with induction stoves. This process allows for a very different way of transferring energy to the pan.

The history of electric cooking involves many different inventors and milestones. In 1859, George B. Simpson received a patent for an electro-heater. His device used a platinum-wire coil powered by batteries to boil water or warm rooms. In 1892, Canadian inventor Thomas Ahearn filed a patent for an electric oven. He likely used this device to prepare meals at an Ottawa hotel. The electric stove was also showcased at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. During this fair, an electrified model kitchen was displayed to the public.

In 1905, David Curle Smith designed the "Kalgoorlie Stove" in Western Australia.

Kalgooorlie stove patent drawing
Kalgooorlie stove patent drawing

This design featured an oven with a hotplate on top and a grill tray in between. This configuration became the standard for most electric stoves that followed. Smith's project was unique because he wanted to make electric cooking affordable for everyone. His wife, H. Nora Curle Smith, even wrote the world's first cookbook for electric stoves in 1907. This book contained 161 recipes and instructions for using the appliance.

Despite these inventions, electric stoves were slow to replace gas stoves. Early models were often unsatisfactory for many households. Electricity was expensive compared to wood, coal, or city gas. Additionally, many cities and towns were not yet electrified. The heating elements also had a short life span. A major turning point occurred with the invention of nichrome alloy. This alloy was used for resistance wires and made heating elements much more durable and cost-effective. By the 1930s, cheaper electric power and better styling helped these stoves become common.

OvenElectric
OvenElectric

Understanding the scale of power used by these appliances is important for managing home energy. A single heating element typically consumes between 1 and 3 kW of electricity. The amount of power used depends on the specific size of the element. As electrical utilities expanded, they often marketed these appliances to increase the demand for electric power. This was especially common during the expansion of rural electrification. Today, the electric stove remains a central part of the modern kitchen system.

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File:Electric stove, 2002.jpg
Electric stove, 2002.jpg
File:Kalgooorlie stove patent drawing.jpg
Kalgooorlie stove patent drawing.jpg
File:Heating-element.jpg
Heating-element.jpg
File:OvenElectric.JPG
OvenElectric.JPG
File:Ceranfeld.jpg
Ceranfeld.jpg
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