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Elbe

geography Maturity 11-13 Next article →

The Elbe is one of the most significant rivers in Central Europe.

Dresden-Altstadt von der Marienbruecke-II
Dresden-Altstadt von der Marienbruecke-II

It serves as a vital waterway for trade and transport. The river begins in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic. Specifically, it rises on the slopes of Mt. Violík. From these mountains, the water flows through the region of Bohemia. It then travels into Germany before reaching the North Sea. The river meets the sea at Cuxhaven, northwest of Hamburg.

Germany (1), Elbe, Trischen
Germany (1), Elbe, Trischen

The river's journey involves many complex stages and changes in volume. Initially, the Elbe flows down the Elbe Falls. It then unites with the steeply torrential Bílé Labe stream. After leaving the mountain glens at Jaroměř, it receives the Úpa and Metuje rivers. At Mělník, the river undergoes a major change. It meets the Vltava, which is a very large river. The Vltava is actually longer than the Elbe so far. It also has a greater discharge and a larger drainage basin. However, the Elbe retains its name at this confluence. This happens because the Elbe flows through the main, wider valley. The Vltava meets the Elbe at almost a right angle.

Koenigstein Saxony pic01 2007 04 22
Koenigstein Saxony pic01 2007 04 22

The Elbe river basin is a massive geographic feature. It has a catchment area of 931,000 square kilometers. This makes it the twelfth-largest basin in Europe. The basin spans four different countries. Most of it lies within Germany and the Czech Republic. Germany contains 65.5% of the basin. The Czech Republic contains 33.7%, covering two-thirds of its territory. Small parts of Austria and Poland are also included. These parts make up 0.6% and 0.2% respectively. About 24.4 million people live within this catchment area.

As the river moves through different landscapes, its appearance changes. In the Czech Republic, the river carves through basaltic mass. This happens in the České Středohoří region. Here, the water creates a deep, narrow, and curved rocky gorge. After crossing into Germany, the river enters the Elbe Sandstone Mountains. It then travels across the long North German Plain. In the northern section, the banks are very different. Both sides feature flat, fertile marshlands known as the Elbe Marshes. These were formerly flood plains that are now protected by dikes.

Human engineering has significantly altered the river's path and utility. In Magdeburg, engineers built the Magdeburg Water Bridge. This structure carries a canal and shipping traffic over the Elbe. This allows other ships to pass underneath without any hindrance.

Aerial view of the Sternbrücke in Magdeburg 02
Aerial view of the Sternbrücke in Magdeburg 02

In Hamburg, the river is managed by complex hydraulic works. In 1390, the Gose Elbe was separated by a dike. Later, in 1437, the Dove Elbe was also diked off. These works were built to protect marshlands from inundation. They also helped improve the water supply for the Port of Hamburg.

CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof
CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof

The river's behavior changes near the coast due to tidal forces. From the sluice of Geesthacht, the river is subject to tides. This section is called the Unterelbe, or the Low Elbe. In the city of Hamburg, the river splits into branches. These include the Norderelbe and the Süderelbe. Some branches, like the Old Southern Elbe, were created by floods. A heavy North Sea flood occurred in 1962. This event caused the western section of the Southern Elbe to separate. Today, the river is crossed by major structures like the Köhlbrandbrücke.

Navigation is a central part of the Elbe's identity. The river has always been navigable by commercial vessels. It provides important trade links as far inland as Prague. The river is connected to other major waterways by canals. The Elbe-Lübeck Canal links it to the Baltic Sea. The Elbe-Havel Canal and Mittellandkanal also connect to industrial areas. Because of the Treaty of Versailles, an International Commission manages navigation. This commission is based in Dresden. The river remains a vital artery for European commerce and geography.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Duchy of Saxony (134037775).jpg
Duchy of Saxony (134037775).jpg
File:CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg
CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg
File:Dresden-Altstadt von der Marienbruecke-II.jpg
Dresden-Altstadt von der Marienbruecke-II.jpg
File:Aerial view of the Sternbrücke in Magdeburg 02.jpg
Aerial view of the Sternbrücke in Magdeburg 02.jpg
File:13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-10.jpg
13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-10.jpg
File:Germany (1), Elbe, Trischen.jpg
Germany (1), Elbe, Trischen.jpg
File:Přívoz Dolní Žleb.JPG
Přívoz Dolní Žleb.JPG
File:Gierseilfähre Coswig.JPG
Gierseilfähre Coswig.JPG
File:Faehre Zollenspieker.jpg
Faehre Zollenspieker.jpg
File:Koenigstein Saxony pic01 2007 04 22.jpg
Koenigstein Saxony pic01 2007 04 22.jpg
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