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Drink

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A drink, or beverage, is any liquid intended for human consumption. While the most basic function of a drink is to satisfy thirst, beverages play massive roles in human culture. Water is the most consumed liquid on Earth. Tea is the second most consumed drink in the world, following only water.

Ice water with lemon
Ice water with lemon

Drinks can be categorized by their ingredients and effects. Some contain caffeine, which is a stimulant. Others contain ethanol, a psychoactive substance found in alcoholic drinks. Non-alcoholic drinks, often called soft drinks, contain little to no alcohol. These include juices, sodas, milk, and smoothies.

Thirst is a biological signal regulated by the hypothalamus. This part of the brain responds to changes in blood volume and electrolyte levels. When the body becomes dehydrated, it creates an instinctive craving for fluids. Water is essential for life, but complete deprivation of water results in death faster than almost any other substance besides oxygen.

Oranges and orange juice
Oranges and orange juice

Because water is a primary ingredient in most drinks, its safety is vital. The World Health Organization notes that 94% of deaths from diarrhea could be prevented by improving access to safe water. Diarrhea is the third largest cause of infectious death, claiming 1.8 million lives annually.

Humans use several different methods to prepare and process beverages. To make juice, people use crushing or pressing. For example, basket presses were developed in the Middle Ages for winemaking.

Pressoir epi
Pressoir epi

Infusion is used for tea and herbal drinks. This involves letting plant material stay suspended in water to extract flavor. For coffee, people often use percolation. In this process, a solvent like water passes through a permeable substance like coffee grounds. This extracts the soluble compounds that provide aroma and taste.

Tea leaves steeping in a zhong čaj 05
Tea leaves steeping in a zhong čaj 05

Other processes involve chemical or biological changes. Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar into ethanol. This has been used since the Neolithic age to create alcoholic drinks. In winemaking, yeast is added to grape juice in an anaerobic environment. For beer, brewers use water, grain, yeast, and hops. They use malting to germinate grain and mashing to create sugars.

Liquor Still Frankfort 489226997
Liquor Still Frankfort 489226997

Carbonation is the process of dissolving carbon dioxide into a liquid. This can happen naturally through fermentation or artificially under pressure. The first commercial artificially carbonated drink was produced by Thomas Henry in the late 1770s.

History shows that beverages have shaped human civilization. Archaeological evidence suggests wine production existed in Georgia and Iran long ago. Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe by 3000 BCE. Some argue the invention of beer helped humanity develop technology and build societies.

Baco, por Caravaggio
Baco, por Caravaggio

Tea likely originated in Yunnan, China, during the Shang dynasty between 1500 BCE and 1046 BCE. It was originally used as a medicinal drink. Coffee cultivation began in southern Arabia. The earliest evidence of coffee drinking appeared in the 15th century in Yemeni Sufi shrines.

A small cup of coffee
A small cup of coffee

Specific drink types have unique production requirements. Coffee comes from the roasted seeds of evergreen shrubs, mainly *Coffea arabica* and *Coffea canephora*. These plants are grown in over 70 countries. Milk is a primary source of nutrition for babies. In many cultures, humans continue to consume dairy from cattle, goats, or sheep.

Mint-tea
Mint-tea

For alcoholic drinks, distillation is used to separate mixtures based on volatility. This method can produce spirits from milder alcoholic drinks. In the United Kingdom, laws strictly define non-alcoholic levels. For instance, alcohol-free beer must be under 0.05% ABV, while de-alcoholized beer is under 0.5% ABV.

Beverages also serve as central tools for social connection. In ancient Greece, people held symposia to drink watered-down wine and hold discussions. Ancient Romans practiced similar social gatherings called convivium.

Many traditions involve shared rituals. Toasting is a way to honor a person or wish them goodwill. The "loving cup" is a large vessel shared by a group at weddings or celebrations. Even religious history is tied to drinks. In East Africa and Yemen, coffee was used in religious ceremonies. Some religions also forbid or restrict alcohol for various reasons.

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🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Glass of tea, Yogyakarta.jpg
Glass of tea, Yogyakarta.jpg
File:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg
Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg
File:Pressoir epi.jpg
Pressoir epi.jpg
File:Liquor Still Frankfort 489226997.jpg
Liquor Still Frankfort 489226997.jpg
File:Ice water with lemon.jpg
Ice water with lemon.jpg
File:A small cup of coffee.JPG
A small cup of coffee.JPG
File:Tea leaves steeping in a zhong čaj 05.jpg
Tea leaves steeping in a zhong čaj 05.jpg
File:Mint-tea.jpg
Mint-tea.jpg
File:Oranges and orange juice.jpg
Oranges and orange juice.jpg
File:Whiskey with spherical ice.jpg
Whiskey with spherical ice.jpg
File:Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) Caféterras bij nacht (place du Forum) Kröller-Müller Museum Otterlo 23-8-2016 13-35-40.JPG
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) Caféterras...
File:Champagne flute and bottle.jpg
Champagne flute and bottle.jpg
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