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Devil

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The term "devil" is used to describe the personification of evil.

022 devil representation
022 devil representation

People in many different cultures use this idea to explain hostile or destructive forces. Some thinkers suggest the devil is a principle of evil that exists on its own. Others believe it is an aspect of a god or a created being that turned evil. A fourth idea is that the devil is simply a symbol for human evil. These different views help people understand things like death or disease.

BlueAngel
BlueAngel

Different traditions use many unique names for these figures. In Judaism, the name Satan is used. In Christianity, some people use the name Lucifer. The term Beelzebub is used in Judeo-Christian traditions. In Islam, the figure is known as Iblis or Azazil.

The word itself has a long history. It comes from the Greek word "diábolos," which means "slanderer." In Farsi, the word is pronounced as "dev" or "div."

In very old belief systems, there was often no single concept of evil. In ancient Mesopotamia, evil was sometimes linked to primordial chaos. Ancient Egyptian beliefs did not have evil deities at all. Their gods followed a divine order, and evil was seen as breaking that harmony.

Court of Erlik Khan
Court of Erlik Khan

Old Hindu beliefs saw deities as both kind and fierce. The first system to develop a clear demonology was Zoroastrianism. Around 600 BC, Zarathustra taught that good and evil were separate principles. He believed God, Ahura Mazda, chose goodness while Angra Mainyu chose evil.

Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Mara Demons
Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Mara Demons

Many religions have different ways of explaining how evil works. Zoroastrianism is a dualistic system where good and evil are two separate forces. Christianity often views the devil as a fallen angel. This idea suggests the being was good first but then turned evil.

Alexandre Cabanel - Fallen Angel
Alexandre Cabanel - Fallen Angel

Some scholars, like John of Damascus, argued that evil is just a lack of goodness. This is called the privation theory. Manichaeism, founded by the prophet Mani in the third century AD, also believed in two principles. They thought the world was a mix of light and darkness.

La tenture de lApocalypse (Angers) (2)
La tenture de lApocalypse (Angers) (2)

Art and literature have helped spread these many different ideas. Artists show the devil in many ways. Some portray the figure as red, black, or even blue.

Nuremberg chronicles - Devil and Woman on Horseback (CLXXXIXv)
Nuremberg chronicles - Devil and Woman on Horseback (CLXXXIXv)

Some images show the devil with horns on its head. Other depictions show the figure without any horns at all. These stories connect to many parts of human life. They touch on philosophy, psychiatry, and even how we see the natural world.

Devils-from-Rila-monastery
Devils-from-Rila-monastery
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🖼️ Images & Media (18)
File:022 devil representation.JPG
022 devil representation.JPG
File:BlueAngel.png
BlueAngel.png
File:Nuremberg chronicles - Devil and Woman on Horseback (CLXXXIXv).jpg
Nuremberg chronicles - Devil and Woman on...
File:God and Lucifer - The Queen Mary Psalter (1310-1320), f.1v - BL Royal MS 2 B VII.jpg
God and Lucifer - The Queen Mary Psalter...
File:La tenture de lApocalypse (Angers) (2).jpg
La tenture de lApocalypse (Angers) (2).jpg
File:Court of Erlik Khan.jpg
Court of Erlik Khan.jpg
File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Mara Demons.jpeg
Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Mara Demons.jpeg
File:Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg
Alexandre_Cabanel_-_Fallen_Angel.jpg
File:Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg
Devils-from-Rila-monastery.jpg
File:Backer Judgment (detail).JPG
Backer Judgment (detail).JPG
File:Lion-faced deity.jpg
Lion-faced deity.jpg
File:Biblioteka Czartoryskich 3885 II, rękopis Safran 93 fol 38v The angels face Adam.png
Biblioteka Czartoryskich 3885 II, rękopis...

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