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Dennis Banks

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Dennis J. Banks was a prominent Native American activist, teacher, and author. He was born on April 12, 1937, on the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota. Banks was also known by his Ojibwe name, Nowa Cumig. He spent his life fighting for the rights of indigenous peoples. His work brought national attention to the social and economic struggles of Native Americans. He became a major spokesman for his community during a time of great change.

Banks's early life was shaped by the federal boarding school system. At age five, he was taken from his family to attend a government school. These schools were run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Their goal was to assimilate Native American children into mainstream culture. Students were forced to speak English and were prohibited from using native languages. They could not practice their own traditions. Banks often ran away from these schools to return to his family at Leech Lake. He eventually attended Pipestone Indian Boarding School, which closed in 1953.

After his school years, Banks joined the United States Air Force at age 17. He was stationed in Japan, where he noticed that Europeans were a minority. In 1956, he experienced the Sunagawa Struggle. During this event, he was ordered to shoot to kill anti-base protesters. This experience had a profound influence on his views. He later went AWOL, which led to a dishonorable discharge. Upon returning to Minnesota, he served two and a half years in prison following a burglary conviction.

In 1968, Banks co-founded the American Indian Movement, or AIM, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. AIM was created to represent urban Indians and protect their civil rights. The movement protested the historical injustices faced by indigenous peoples. Banks believed Native Americans could no longer tolerate the abuse on reservations. He participated in the 1969–1971 Occupation of Alcatraz to promote Indian sovereignty. By the mid-1970s, Banks and Russel Means were as famous as historic leaders like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Banks helped organize several large-scale protests to demand change. In 1972, he assisted with the "Trail of Broken Treaties." This was a caravan of activist groups traveling to Washington, D.C. The group wanted to meet with United States Congress leaders. When government officials refused to meet, activists occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters. During this occupation, many valuable Indian land deeds were lost or destroyed. AIM members removed over 9,000 tons of documents, which were hidden by the Hatteras Tuscarora and Lumbee people in North Carolina.

In 1973, Banks led a major occupation at Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. This protest was sparked by local concerns regarding law enforcement and the tribal chairman, Richard Wilson. The siege lasted for 71 days against federal armed law enforcement. During the conflict, a U.S. marshal was paralyzed and two people were fatally shot by federal agents. The occupation ended after the long standoff. Banks was later arrested along with 300 others. He was acquitted of the Wounded Knee charges but convicted of incitement to riot in Custer, South Dakota.

Banks's life also involved difficult legal and personal struggles. He worked closely with activist Anna Mae Pictou Aquash. In 1976, Aquash was found dead near Highway 73. Although the FBI initially ruled her death was caused by exposure, an exhumation showed she had been shot in the back of the head. The murder remained unsolved for decades. In 2004, two men were convicted for the murder of Aquash. Banks also faced legal issues regarding his escape from bail. He eventually received sanctuary in New York and later served 18 months in prison.

Beyond activism, Banks was a dedicated educator and community leader. He earned an associate's degree from the University of California, Davis. He taught at Contra Costa College and served as the first American Indian chancellor at Deganawidah Quetzalcoatl University. He also established spiritual runs, including a famous route from Davis to Los Angeles. In 1987, he helped stop grave robbers in Kentucky and organized reburial ceremonies. This work led to new laws in Kentucky and Indiana against grave desecration. Banks passed away on October 29, 2017.

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