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Deccan Plateau

geography Maturity 11-13 Next article →

The Deccan Plateau is a vast, stable landmass in southern India. It forms the bulk of the Deccan Peninsula.

Indiahills
Indiahills

The plateau is shaped like an inverted triangle. Its northern boundary sits near the Narmada River basin. This area is marked by the Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges. To the south, the plateau reaches the northern fringes of Tamil Nadu. The region is bounded by two major mountain ranges: the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.

Coastal India topographical
Coastal India topographical

These mountains separate the high plateau from the coastal plains. The plateau covers most of the Indian states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It also includes minor parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

The geology of the region is incredibly ancient and complex. The underlying bed consists of granite and sedimentary rocks. These were formed during the Precambrian era and the formation of Gondwanaland. One of the most significant features is the Deccan Traps in the northwest.

Western-Ghats-Matheran
Western-Ghats-Matheran

These traps were formed by massive volcanic eruptions at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago. This was the second largest volcanic eruption ever recorded on land. During this event, basaltic lava flowed out of the Earth's crust in multiple layers. These layers of igneous rock are more than 2,000 meters thick. Scientists believe the eruption released massive amounts of ash, dust, and carbon dioxide. This likely caused major climatic changes and may have contributed to the extinction of some dinosaurs.

Because of its unique geology, the plateau has distinct soil types. Most of the region sits on igneous basaltic rock. This produces black soil, which has a high clay content. This soil is good at retaining moisture and resisting erosion. However, it develops deep cracks during the dry season. In other areas, such as the gneiss peneplain near the Eastern Ghats, the soil is different. These low rainfall areas have infertile red soil. The region is also very rich in minerals. People mine iron ore, coal, and mica here. In the 21st century, researchers also discovered large uranium deposits in the region.

The climate and water systems of the plateau are closely linked. The Western Ghats act as a barrier to rain-bearing winds. When moisture-rich air moves from the Arabian Sea, the mountains force it to rise. This creates orographic precipitation, which is rain caused by rising air. This rain falls heavily on the coast. By the time the air crosses the mountains, it is dry. This creates a rain shadow region on the leeward side. Consequently, the plateau has a semi-arid climate in many parts.

India annual rainfall map en
India annual rainfall map en

The plateau serves as a major watershed for India. It slopes gently from the west toward the east. Because of this slope, most major rivers flow east toward the Bay of Bengal. These perennial river systems include the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri.

Human history in the Deccan Plateau is long and varied. Carbon dating shows that Neolithic cultures lived here as far back as 8000 BCE.

By 1000 BCE, iron technology had spread through the region. Since the 1st century BCE, the area was connected to the Silk Road. This allowed for trade with the Mediterranean and East Asia. Many powerful dynasties ruled the land over many centuries. These included the Satavahanas, the Pallavas, the Cholas, and the Chalukyas. Later, the Vijayanagara Empire controlled much of the southern plateau. The upper portion was ruled by the Bahmani Kingdom and the Deccan sultanates. Eventually, the British Raj controlled the region for nearly two centuries until 1947.

Today, the plateau is home to many diverse people and wildlife. The population is spread out, as shown in density maps.

India population density map en
India population density map en

Many different linguistic groups live here. The largest group is the Dravidian language family, which includes about 73 languages. People speak Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, and Malayalam. The plateau also supports diverse wildlife. You can find dry deciduous forests and scrub lands. These habitats host endangered animals like Bengal tigers and Indian elephants. Other animals include the gaur, blackbuck, and Indian wild dog. This combination of ancient geology and rich culture makes the Deccan Plateau a vital part of India.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Raichur Doab.jpg
Raichur Doab.jpg
File:Coastal India topographical.jpg
Coastal India topographical.jpg
File:Western-Ghats-Matheran.jpg
Western-Ghats-Matheran.jpg
File:Indiahills.png
Indiahills.png
File:India annual rainfall map en.svg
India annual rainfall map en.svg
File:India population density map en.svg
India population density map en.svg
File:Kanchipuram sarees (7642282200).jpg
Kanchipuram sarees (7642282200).jpg
File:India roadway map with population density.svg
India roadway map with population density.svg
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