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Dartmoor

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Dartmoor is a vast upland area located in southern Devon, within South West England.

River Scene, Dartmoor in background
River Scene, Dartmoor in background

Since 1951, this landscape has been protected by National Park status. The area is defined by its high ground, granite geology, and unique ecosystems. It serves as a vital habitat for many species and a site of great archaeological importance.

Saddle tor evening
Saddle tor evening

The park is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority, which consists of 22 members. These members are selected from the Government, Devon County Council, and local district councils. Additionally, the Dartmoor Commoners' Council exists to manage and enforce specific regulations regarding commoners' rights.

The foundation of the landscape is a massive body of granite known as a pluton.

Cornubian batholith
Cornubian batholith

This granite, specifically a type called adamellite, formed during the Carboniferous Period. Scientists believe this intrusion occurred approximately 309 million years ago. The granite was pushed deep into surrounding sedimentary rocks at great depth. Over time, the surface of the moor moved closer to the top of this original mass. Evidence for this includes the presence of altered sedimentary rock on top of the granite. There are also shale xenoliths, which are fragments of the original rock, partly digested by the granite. This massive rock body also creates a significant gravity anomaly in the region.

One of the most iconic features of Dartmoor is its many tors.

Saddle tor to Hey tor pano
Saddle tor to Hey tor pano

A tor is a hill topped with outcrops of bedrock. In this granite country, these outcrops usually form rounded, boulder-like shapes. There are more than 160 hills in the area that include the word "tor" in their name. The highest point on the moor is High Willhays, which sits in the northern moor.

High Willhays
High Willhays

Other high points include Yes Tor, Ryder's Hill, and Snowdon. Haytor is perhaps the most famous of these formations. These rocky summits are central to local culture and activity. For example, the Ten Tors Challenge is an annual event for young people. Around 2,400 participants aged 14 to 19 walk distances of 35, 45, or 55 miles between ten different tors.

Water is a defining force in the geography of the moor.

ErmeIvybridge
ErmeIvybridge

Dartmoor acts as a catchment area, meaning it collects rain that feeds many Devon rivers. The name "Dartmoor" comes from the River Dart. This river begins as the East Dart and West Dart before joining at Dartmeet. It eventually flows through Totnes and reaches the sea at Dartmouth. Other major rivers include the Teign, the Taw, the Tavy, the Avon, and the Lyd. Some rivers, such as the Avon and the South Teign, have been dammed to create reservoirs for drinking water. These rivers have also historically provided power for local industries like quarrying and tin mining.

Because Dartmoor receives much more rain than the surrounding lowlands, the ground is often very wet. Much of the park is covered in thick layers of peat, which is decaying vegetation. This peat absorbs rain quickly and releases it slowly, so the moor is rarely dry. In certain areas, water accumulates to create dangerous bogs or mires. Some bogs are topped with bright green moss and are called "feather beds" or "quakers." These are known as quakers because the sphagnum moss can shift or "quake" under a person's weight.

Aune head mire3
Aune head mire3

There are different types of bogs, such as blanket bogs on high ground and lush valley bogs. Fox Tor Mires is a famous example that reportedly inspired literature.

The climate on Dartmoor is temperate but can be quite harsh due to its altitude.

Aurora Borealis visible over Dartmoor 02
Aurora Borealis visible over Dartmoor 02

At Princetown, the coldest months are January and February, with mean minimum temperatures around -1°C. In the summer, July and August are the warmest, though daily maximums rarely reach 20°C. The moor is much wetter than the lowlands to the east. On the highest parts of the moor, annual rainfall can exceed 2,000 mm. Snowfall is not extremely common because of the Gulf Stream, but it is more likely here than in surrounding areas. Between 1961 and 1990, snow fell on average 20 days per year. The area also experiences high levels of hail, with over 40 days of hail recorded annually.

Dartmoor is a Special Area of Conservation due to its incredible biodiversity.

Wisht
Wisht

The acidic soils and high winds mean there is very little intensive farming. This has allowed unique habitats like old sessile oak woods to survive. Wistman's Wood is a famous fragment of such woodland. It is home to many species of moss, liverwort, and lichen. The moor also supports rare animals, including the southern damselfly and Atlantic salmon. You can find many types of bats, including the rare barbastelle and horseshoe bats. The rivers serve as vital spawning grounds for trout and salmon, while the wet valleys host many insect species.

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Cornubian batholith.png
Cornubian batholith.png
File:Saddle tor to Hey tor pano.jpg
Saddle tor to Hey tor pano.jpg
File:High Willhays.jpg
High Willhays.jpg
File:ErmeIvybridge.jpg
ErmeIvybridge.jpg
File:River Scene, Dartmoor in background.jpg
River Scene, Dartmoor in background.jpg
File:Aune head mire3.jpg
Aune head mire3.jpg
File:Aurora Borealis visible over Dartmoor 02.jpg
Aurora Borealis visible over Dartmoor 02.jpg
File:Wisht.jpg
Wisht.jpg
File:Beardown man dartmoor.jpg
Beardown man dartmoor.jpg
File:Crazywell cross 1.JPG
Crazywell cross 1.JPG
File:Wild camping on Dartmoor.jpg
Wild camping on Dartmoor.jpg
File:Dartmoor Clapper Bridge mod.jpg
Dartmoor Clapper Bridge mod.jpg

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