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Cuisine

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A cuisine is a specific style of cooking. It is defined by distinctive ingredients, techniques, and dishes. Most cuisines are associated with a specific culture or a geographic region. Regional food preparation methods and customs combine to create dishes that are unique to a place.

Espaguetis carbonara
Espaguetis carbonara

The word itself comes from the French word for "kitchen." It traces back to the Latin word *coquere*, which means "to cook." Cuisines matter because they represent the traditions and identities of people. They turn simple eating into a way to share history and culture.

Many different factors work together to shape a cuisine. First, the local climate determines which native foods can grow. A tropical climate often leads to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In contrast, a polar climate might require a diet based on meat and fish. Climate also dictates how people preserve food for later use. For example, people use smoking, curing, or pickling to save food for winter. These methods change the gustatory properties, or the taste and texture, of the food.

Trade and cultural exchange also play huge roles in culinary evolution. In the ancient spice trade, items like cinnamon and ginger were vital for commerce. Cinnamon and cassia reached the Middle East at least 4,000 years ago. This trade brought new ingredients to existing cuisines and changed them forever. In the late 17th century, hot peppers arrived in China from South America. This changed Sichuan cuisine by adding a "mala" flavor. This flavor is both pungent and mouth-numbingly spicy.

LocationAsia
LocationAsia

Religion and social laws provide another layer of influence. Religious food laws can decide which ingredients are allowed or forbidden. In India, Hinduism often leads to a lacto-vegetarian diet. This means followers avoid meat and eggs but consume dairy. Other faiths, such as Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, also shape how people cook. These traditions ensure that food is not just about nutrition. It is also a way to honor sacred beliefs and community rules.

Cuisines are not static; they are constantly evolving through innovation. One major movement is fusion cuisine. This style combines elements from various culinary traditions. It has been a common way for contemporary restaurants to innovate since the 1970s. Another example is *nouvelle cuisine*, or "new cuisine." This French approach to food presentation became popular in the 1960s. It was promoted by food critics like Henri Gault, André Gayot, and Christian Millau.

Jacques Lameloise, escabèche d'écrevisses sur gaspacho d'asperge et cresson
Jacques Lameloise, escabèche d'écrevisses sur gaspacho d'asperge et cresson

Modern science has even created new ways to cook. Molecular cuisine is a modern style that uses technical innovations from science. The term was coined in 1999 by the chemist Hervé This. He wanted to distinguish it from molecular gastronomy, a scientific activity he started in 1988. Some chefs also call this multi-sensory cooking or culinary physics. This shows how cuisine connects to the broader world of scientific disciplines.

LocationAfricaGreen
LocationAfricaGreen

Regional diversity creates a vast map of flavors across the globe. In the Americas, corn is a staple food used in many ways.

Americas (orthographic projection)
Americas (orthographic projection)

In Europe, northern regions favor wheat and rye, while southern regions use olive oil and rice. Asia is extremely diverse due to its massive size. In East and Southeast Asia, rice, ginger, and soy are common. Different regions use different rice, such as Basmati in South Asia and Jasmine in Southeast Asia.

LocationEuropeGreen
LocationEuropeGreen

Even in Oceania, staples like Kūmura and Taro are essential to the diet.

LocationOceaniaGreen
LocationOceaniaGreen

Every region uses its specific environment to create its own culinary identity.

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Espaguetis carbonara.jpg
File:Jacques Lameloise, escabèche d'écrevisses sur gaspacho d'asperge et cresson.jpg
Jacques Lameloise, escabèche d'écrevisses...
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LocationAfricaGreen.svg
File:LocationAsia.svg
LocationAsia.svg
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LocationEuropeGreen.svg
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LocationOceaniaGreen.svg
File:Americas (orthographic projection).svg
Americas (orthographic projection).svg
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