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Class discrimination

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Class discrimination, often called classism, is prejudice based on a person's social class. Social class is a hierarchy that groups individuals together. This grouping is based on wealth, income, education, and occupation. It also considers a person's social networks. Classism includes individual attitudes and behaviors. It also involves systems of policies and practices. These systems often benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.

Classism can function in two primary ways: personal and institutional. Personal classism, or interpersonal classism, involves an individual's inclination to judge others. These judgments are based on rigid beliefs rather than objective evidence. Institutional classism refers to how classism is built into society. This can be manifest through conscious or unconscious practices within various institutions. Some experts also include "cultural classism" as a third category. These structures can be intentional or unintentional.

History shows that class structures have evolved over time. Simple forms existed in pre-agricultural societies. However, structures became more complex after the rise of permanent agriculture. This happened because civilizations created a food surplus. People were often segregated into classes using observable traits. These traits included a person's profession or their race. In feudal systems, classes included nobles, priests, warriors, merchants, peasants, and serfs. Rankings varied by location. For example, merchants held high status in Europe. In contrast, they were considered inferior to peasants during Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate.

Classism often intersects with other forms of inequality. This intersectionality means that class, race, and gender overlap. This creates unique and compounding disadvantages for marginalized groups. For instance, gender inequality and classism shape economic disparities. Women are often overrepresented in low-wage sectors like caregiving and retail. This is known as occupational segregation. In 2022, Black women made up 32% of home aids. However, they represented only 6% of all employed workers. These women earned an average of $23,803 per year.

Race and class also intersect to create systemic barriers. Historical labor policies and unequal education access contribute to income inequality. Racial minorities often face employment precarity and wage suppression. This leads to reduced economic mobility compared to white counterparts. In some cases, symbolic racism occurs within poor communities. This involves using negative stereotypes to justify social exclusion. Poverty itself can act as a discriminatory label. People who receive social policy benefits may face discrimination from those who do not.

Scholars use complex models to explain these power structures. The concept of "kyriarchy" describes a complex pyramidal system of oppression. In this system, those at the bottom experience the full power of oppression. This system is often the status quo, making it hard to recognize. Deborah King proposed the idea of "multiple jeopardy." She argued that systems of race, gender, and class do not just add up. Instead, they compound and intensify one another. This creates unique conditions of subjugation that are more than the sum of their parts.

Media also plays a significant role in reinforcing classism. Television, films, and social media influence how people perceive different classes. Often, media portrays lower-income individuals negatively. They may be shown as uneducated, dirty, or lacking manners. These portrayals can shape the biases of children at a young age. This can influence their beliefs throughout their entire lives. While media often focuses on race or gender, class is a vital variable. Understanding these representations helps us see how classism remains prevalent in society.

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