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Choreography

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Choreography is the specialized art of designing sequences of movement for physical bodies.

Zorn Cachucha
Zorn Cachucha

A choreographer creates these patterns by specifying how motion and form interact. This process is known as choreographing. In the context of dance, it is often called dance composition. Choreographers must organize movement within three dimensions of space and a fourth dimension of time. They also manage the energy and capabilities of the human body. This art can express specific emotions or exist in a non-literal, abstract way.

To create a dance, a choreographer uses various underlying techniques for multiple dancers. One method is mirroring, where dancers face each other and perform identical moves. Another is retrograde, which involves performing a sequence of motions in reverse order. In a canon, dancers perform the same move one after another. They might also use different levels, where some dancers are positioned higher or lower than others. Shadowing occurs when dancers stand one behind the other performing the same moves. Finally, unison involves two or more people performing a range of moves at the exact same time.

There are two fundamental methods for designing these dances. The first is improvisation, which relies on a score. A score is a set of generalized directives or guidelines rather than exact steps. For example, a score might tell one dancer to withdraw from another. The second dancer would then be directed to avoid that withdrawal. This method allows for wide latitude in personal interpretation. The second method is planned choreography. In this approach, the choreographer dictates motion and form in great detail. This leaves little to no opportunity for the dancer to exercise personal interpretation.

Choreographic document of dances in Catalonia in 1496 manuscrit de Cervera
Choreographic document of dances in Catalonia in 1496 manuscrit de Cervera

The history of choreography is deeply connected to the written word. The term comes from the Greek words "choreia," meaning circular dance, and "graphia," meaning writing. This literally translates to "dance-writing." One of the earliest documents containing choreographic signs is the Catalan manuscript of Cervera from 1496. In Renaissance Italy, dance masters created movements for social dances. By the 17th and 18th centuries, social dance became separated from theatrical performances. During this era, the word choreography referred to the written record of dances, known as dance notation.

As time progressed, the meaning of choreography shifted toward the composition of dance performances. In the late 18th century, Jean-Georges Noverre became a well-known master who arranged dance as a theatrical art. Other influential figures included Gasparo Angiolini and Charles Didelot. In the 19th century, ballet developed its own specific vocabulary. Famous romantic ballet choreographers included Marius Petipa and Jules Perrot. The modern dance movement later introduced a more naturalistic style. This was led by figures like Isadora Duncan and Michel Fokine.

Many influential choreographers have shaped different styles of dance throughout history. George Balanchine and Sir Frederick Ashton were major figures in classical or abstract dance. Martha Graham and Jerome Robbins were known for creating representational works. Alvin Ailey was a significant African-American dancer and activist. His work spanned many styles, including jazz, ballet, and modern dance. Today, choreography is not limited to the stage. It is used in cheerleading, synchronized swimming, gymnastics, and even video game production.

Zorn Cachucha
Zorn Cachucha

Because choreography is a creative work, it can be protected by law. Section 102(a)(4) of the U.S. Copyright Act protects choreographic works created after January 1, 1978. To be protected, the work must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression. It must be a coherent arrangement of related dance movements. However, ordinary motor activities or commonplace social dances may not qualify for protection. A recent legal case involved choreographer Kyle Hanagami and the company Epic Games. Hanagami claimed that the game Fortnite copied his choreography. The court ultimately dismissed the claims, ruling that a short, four-beat sequence was not protectable under copyright law.

Choreographic document of dances in Catalonia in 1496 manuscrit de Cervera
Choreographic document of dances in Catalonia in 1496 manuscrit de Cervera

Global recognition of choreographic skill often happens through intense competitions. The International Choreographic Competition Hannover in Germany is the longest-running competition in the world. It is organized by the Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover e.V. and has been held in collaboration with the Tanja Liedtke Foundation since 2008. To enter, participants must be professionally trained and under 40 years of age. Many other international competitions exist, such as the Beijing International Ballet and Choreography Competition in China. These events celebrate the immense skill and discipline required by this art form.

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