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Chard

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Chard is a highly nutritious green leafy vegetable.

SwissChard
SwissChard

It belongs to the species Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris. This same species also includes beetroot and sugar beet. Because they are so closely related, many common names for chard overlap. People often call it silver beet, perpetual spinach, or beet spinach. Other names include seakale beet and leaf beet. Chard has been used in cooking for many centuries around the world.

There are two main cultivar groups that define how the plant looks. The Flavescens Group is commonly known as Swiss chard. These plants feature large leaf stalks, which are also called petioles. These stalks are often prepared as food separately from the leaf blade. The Cicla Group is different because it is a leafier spinach beet. The leaf blades can appear green or reddish in color. The stalks usually show colors like white, yellow, or red.

Different varieties offer a wide range of visual styles. Some cultivars are solid green, such as 'Lucullus' and 'Fordhook Giant'. Other types feature red ribs, including 'Ruby Chard' and 'Rhubarb Chard'. These colorful varieties are very attractive in a garden. However, older green forms often outproduce these colorful hybrids. You might also see 'Rainbow Chard' in markets. This is actually a mix of many different colored varieties.

Scientists have spent a long time classifying this plant. Carl Linnaeus first described it in 1753 as Beta vulgaris var. cicla. Its taxonomic rank has changed many times over the years. It has been treated as a variety, a subspecies, and a convariety. Chard is a cultivated descendant of the sea beet, known as Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima. It belongs to the chenopods, which are mostly part of the Amaranthaceae family now.

Growing chard requires following specific seasonal patterns. In the Northern Hemisphere, clusters of seeds are usually sown between June and October. The exact timing depends on when a person wants to harvest. Harvesting is a continual process because most species produce three or more crops. You can harvest leaves while they are young and tender. Alternatively, you can harvest mature plants with larger, tougher stems. In the Northern Hemisphere, harvesting typically begins in April and lasts until a hard frost.

Chard is a very hardy leafy green. Its harvest season often lasts longer than kale, spinach, or baby greens. This makes it a reliable crop for many gardeners. In the Dalmatia region of Croatia, it is famously called the "queen of the Dalmatian garden." It is a staple of Croatian cuisine, used in stews and dishes like Soparnik. You can eat chard raw in salads or use leaves as tortilla wraps. Cooking the leaves by boiling or sautéing helps the bitterness fade.

The nutritional profile of chard is quite impressive. A serving of raw Swiss chard provides significant food energy. It contains over 1038% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin K. It also provides 122% of the DV for vitamin A and 50% for vitamin C. The plant contains dietary fiber and minerals like magnesium, manganese, iron, and potassium. Cooked chard is 93% water and contains 20 calories per 100g serving. While cooking reduces some vitamins, significant amounts of vitamin A, K, C, and magnesium remain.

Chard has even been mentioned in ancient historical texts. The Babylonian Talmud, a foundational Jewish text, praises its health benefits. One passage in tractate Eruvin 29a says cooked chard is good for the heart and eyes. It also suggests chard is good for the intestines. Another passage in Berakhot 44b makes a distinction between plants. It states that cabbage is for food, while mangold is for medicine.

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