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Cam follower

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A cam follower is a specialized mechanical component used to follow the profile of a cam lobe. Also known as a track follower, this part acts as a highly efficient bearing. It is essential for converting motion within a machine. These components come in many different configurations. The most important distinction is how they mount to a machine. Stud style followers use a protruding stud for mounting. Yoke style followers feature a hole through the center for attachment.

Cam follower-stud style
Cam follower-stud style

To understand how they work, we must look at their unique construction. Standard ball or roller bearings are usually pressed into a rigid housing. This housing provides circumferential support to keep the outer race from deforming. Because of this support, the outer race in a standard bearing can be relatively thin. However, a cam follower is loaded at only a single point. To prevent deformation under this pressure, the outer race must have a thicker cross-section. This thickness requires a decrease in the roller diameter. This change results in a lower dynamic bearing capacity compared to standard bearings.

Inside the follower, various anti-friction elements manage the movement. The most common element is a full complement of needle rollers. This design is excellent for withstanding high radial loads. However, it cannot handle thrust loads. A similar option is the caged needle roller design. This uses a cage to keep the rollers separated. This separation allows for higher speeds and increases internal space. The extra space holds more lubrication, which means the part needs maintenance less often. Some designs even place two rollers in each cage pocket. For heavy-duty needs, a roller design uses two rows of larger diameter rollers. This increases the dynamic load capacity and allows for some thrust capabilities.

Different applications require different materials and shapes. For light-duty work, a bushing type follower may be used. These use a plastic bushing instead of rollers to reduce friction. These are maintenance-free but can only support light loads and slow speeds. A bushing type stud follower supports only about 25% of the load of a roller type stud follower. Heavy and yoke followers can handle 50% of that load. The shape of the outer diameter also matters. Some followers are cylindrical, while others are crowned. A crowned outer diameter helps distribute loads evenly if there is misalignment. A crowned follower can compensate for up to 0.5° of misalignment. In contrast, a cylindrical outer diameter can only tolerate 0.06° of misalignment.

Cam follower-stud style
Cam follower-stud style

The history of these parts shows significant engineering progress. The modern stud type follower was invented and patented in 1937. Thomas L. Robinson of the McGill Manufacturing Company created this design. Before this invention, engineers used a standard bearing and a bolt. Robinson's design was much easier to use because the stud was already included. It also allowed machines to handle much higher loads than the old method. This innovation changed how mechanical systems were built.

Cam follower-stud style
Cam follower-stud style

Specific features allow for precision and durability. Many followers have a black oxide finish to help reduce corrosion. They also include lubrication holes to allow for periodic relubrication. On stud style followers, one end plate is integrated into the inner race and stud. The other end plate is pressed onto the stud. The inner race is induction hardened to keep the stud soft for modifications. Yoke style followers use end plates that are peened, pressed, or injected with liquid metal. Some stud followers include an eccentric stud. This stud has a bushing with an eccentric outer diameter. This feature allows for adjustability during installation to eliminate backlash.

Cam follower-stud style
Cam follower-stud style

Cam followers are closely related to the broader field of track followers. While all cam followers can be track followers, the reverse is not true. Some track followers have specialized shapes to follow specific paths. For example, some have a V-groove to follow a V-track. Others have a flange to follow the lip of a track. Specialized track followers are often designed to withstand thrust loads. To do this, they use bearing balls or tapered roller bearing construction. These components are vital parts of mechanical engineering and the study of bearings.

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