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Bookcase

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A bookcase, also known as a bookshelf, is a piece of furniture designed to store books and other printed materials.

Rainbow Bookshelf
Rainbow Bookshelf

These structures typically feature horizontal shelves that can be fixed in place or adjusted to different heights. Bookcases serve many roles in society, appearing in private homes, schools, offices, and bookstores. In large public or university libraries, they are essential tools for organizing vast collections. When these shelves are arranged in large groups, they are often called "stacks."

SteacieLibrary6
SteacieLibrary6

Because they protect valuable knowledge, bookcases can even be fitted with glass doors to guard against dust or moisture.

The way a bookcase is built depends on its intended use and the space available. Some models are small and sit atop desks or chests, while others reach from the floor to the ceiling.

Interior of Bibliothèque Mazarine 003
Interior of Bibliothèque Mazarine 003

In many designs, the doors are glazed with glass. This allows readers to see the spines of the books without opening the cabinet. For extremely rare or valuable items, libraries may use locked cases made of wood or glass. In modern large-scale libraries, the materials used for shelving can vary greatly. Some stacks are made of iron covered in cowhide, others are steel, and some are even constructed from slate.

Libraries use different systems to arrange their stationary bookcases to maximize efficiency. One common method is placing them flat against a wall. Another method uses stacks or ranges that run parallel to each other, leaving just enough space for a librarian to pass. A third method uses "bays" or alcoves, where the cases jut out from the wall at right angles. To save even more space, some libraries use mobile aisle shelving.

Firestone Library Princeton mobile aisle shelving
Firestone Library Princeton mobile aisle shelving

These bookcases are mounted on wheels and packed tightly together. A gearing mechanism allows a user to move the rows to open an aisle exactly where they need it. Because of the risk of being crushed or tripping on floor rails, these systems sometimes include electronic sensors.

The history of book storage shows how much our relationship with reading has changed. In imperial China, revolving bookcases known as zhuanlunzang were used to store Buddhist scriptures.

Buddhist ark used by Chinese Jews
Buddhist ark used by Chinese Jews

One such design was documented in the 12th-century architectural treatise, the Yingzao Fashi. In the late Roman Republic, wealthy Romans used bookcases called armaria. These were often made of expensive citrus wood inlaid with ivory. As manuscript volumes grew in religious houses and wealthy homes, they moved from small portable chests into larger cupboards. These cupboards were the direct predecessors of the modern bookcase.

How books are organized on a shelf changed significantly with the invention of printing. Before printing, books were often kept in piles or stood upright with their edges facing outward. Because books were often scrolls or handmade manuscripts, titles were frequently written on the fore-edge, which is the edge of the pages. Once printing reduced the cost of books, the codex—a book with bound pages—became the standard. This allowed people to write titles on the spine. This change meant books could be shelved with the spine facing out, making it much easier to find specific titles.

Many skilled designers have treated the bookcase as an art form. In the 18th century, English cabinetmakers like Chippendale and Sheraton created elegant models.

Globe Wernicke Sectional Bookcases, May 1913
Globe Wernicke Sectional Bookcases, May 1913

They often used beautiful woods like mahogany, rosewood, or satinwood, sometimes adding marble tops or gilded bronze. In 1876, John Danner invented a revolving bookcase with a "pivot and post" design.

Tian Yi Chamber book case
Tian Yi Chamber book case

His design was highly efficient, allowing 32 volumes of the American Cyclopedia to fit in a very small space. Danner even won a gold medal at the 1878 Paris International Exhibition for his work.

Specialized bookcases were also created for specific professions or tasks. The barrister's bookcase is a portable version made of separate shelf units that can be stacked together.

Globe Wernicke Sectional Bookcases, May 1913
Globe Wernicke Sectional Bookcases, May 1913

This allowed lawyers to move their heavy law books easily. These shelves often use an "up and over" door mechanism instead of standard side-hinged doors. Another unique example is the book boxes designed for Thomas Jefferson. When Congress purchased his library of about 6,700 books in 1814, they used special three-tiered pine boxes.

Tian Yi Chamber book case
Tian Yi Chamber book case

These boxes were designed to be stacked and carried easily, helping to form the foundation of the Library of Congress.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Interior of Bibliothèque Mazarine 003.JPG
Interior of Bibliothèque Mazarine 003.JPG
File:Rainbow Bookshelf.jpg
Rainbow Bookshelf.jpg
File:Tian Yi Chamber book case.JPG
Tian Yi Chamber book case.JPG
File:Buddhist ark used by Chinese Jews.jpg
Buddhist ark used by Chinese Jews.jpg
File:SteacieLibrary6.jpg
SteacieLibrary6.jpg
File:Firestone Library Princeton mobile aisle shelving.jpg
Firestone Library Princeton mobile aisle...
File:Globe Wernicke Sectional Bookcases, May 1913.jpg
Globe Wernicke Sectional Bookcases, May 1913.jpg
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