Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🏛️

Billy the Kid

history Maturity 11-13 mythology death dying war conflict politics Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: mythology, death_dying, war_conflict, politics. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

Billy the Kid was a notorious American outlaw and gunfighter.

Billy the Kid tintype, Fort Sumner, 1879-80
Billy the Kid tintype, Fort Sumner, 1879-80

He was born Henry McCarty in New York City in 1859. Historians still debate his exact birth date. They argue whether he was born on September 17 or November 23. His parents were Catherine and Patrick McCarty. After his father died, the family moved through Indiana and Kansas. Eventually, they settled in the New Mexico Territory. His mother died of tuberculosis in 1874. This left Henry and his brother Joseph as orphans.

Photo of Billy the Kid (left)
Photo of Billy the Kid (left)

McCarty's life of crime began during his teenage years. In 1875, he was caught stealing food. Ten days later, he and a friend robbed a Chinese laundry. They stole clothing and two pistols during the robbery. McCarty escaped from jail and became a federal fugitive. He later moved to the Arizona Territory to work as a ranch hand.

Rancher Henry C Hooker retouched cropped
Rancher Henry C Hooker retouched cropped

In 1876, he worked for a rancher named Henry Hooker. During this time, he began stealing horses with John Mackie. He also started using the alias William H. Bonney. In August 1877, he killed a blacksmith named Francis Cahill during a struggle. This event made him a wanted man in Arizona.

Bonney eventually returned to New Mexico and joined a group of cattle rustlers. He became a central figure in the Lincoln County War of 1878.

John Tunstall seated pose cropped and retouched
John Tunstall seated pose cropped and retouched

He worked as a cowboy for an English rancher named John Henry Tunstall. Tunstall and his partner Alexander McSween were business rivals of a powerful local group. This group included Lawrence Murphy, James Dolan, and John Riley. These men held significant economic and political control over the region. In February 1878, a posse arrived to seize Tunstall's livestock. During this encounter, members of the posse killed Tunstall. This murder ignited the violent conflict known as the Lincoln County War.

After Tunstall's death, Bonney joined a group called the Regulators.

He and Dick Brewer swore affidavits against Sheriff William J. Brady. They obtained murder warrants for those they believed killed Tunstall. The Regulators engaged in several violent skirmishes. In April 1878, they ambushed Sheriff Brady and his deputies. Bonney was wounded in the thigh during this battle. Brady and Deputy George W. Hindman were killed. Bonney and two others were later charged with these killings. The conflict between the two factions continued for many months.

A major battle occurred in the town of Lincoln in July 1878.

LincolnNM Jail and Courthouse
LincolnNM Jail and Courthouse

A group of fifty or sixty men participated in the fight. Many men stayed at the residence of Alexander McSween to defend it. During the battle, attackers set fire to the McSween house. Bonney and his companions had to flee the building as it burned. During the chaos, McSween was shot and killed. Bonney responded by shooting and killing the man responsible for McSween's death. This battle was a turning point in the local war.

Bonney's fame grew rapidly due to the press. In December 1880, newspapers in New York and New Mexico published stories about his crimes. This notoriety made him a household name across the United States.

Pat Garrett2
Pat Garrett2

Sheriff Pat Garrett eventually captured Bonney in late 1880. In April 1881, Bonney was tried for the murder of Sheriff Brady. He was convicted and sentenced to hang in May 1881. However, he escaped from jail on April 28. During his escape, he killed two sheriff's deputies. He evaded capture for more than two months.

The pursuit of Bonney ended in Fort Sumner. On July 14, 1881, Sheriff Pat Garrett shot and killed the 21-year-old outlaw.

Gov Lew Wallace in 1893 cropped lightened
Gov Lew Wallace in 1893 cropped lightened

Even after his death, many people believed he had survived. Various men claimed to be the real Billy the Kid. His life has since become a permanent part of American legend. The Western genre has frequently dramatized his exploits. More than 50 films and several broadcast programs have featured his story. He remains one of the most famous figures of the Old West.

648 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Rancher Henry C Hooker retouched cropped.jpg
Rancher Henry C Hooker retouched cropped.jpg
File:John Tunstall seated pose cropped and retouched.jpg
John Tunstall seated pose cropped and...
File:Dick Brewer cropped b&w.jpg
Dick Brewer cropped b&w.jpg
File:Gov Lew Wallace in 1893 cropped lightened.jpg
Gov Lew Wallace in 1893 cropped lightened.jpg
File:Tom O'Folliard circa 1875 retouched and cropped.jpg
Tom O'Folliard circa 1875 retouched and...
File:Pat Garrett2.jpg
Pat Garrett2.jpg
File:LincolnNM Jail and Courthouse.jpg
LincolnNM Jail and Courthouse.jpg
File:Billy the Kid tintype, Fort Sumner, 1879-80.jpg
Billy the Kid tintype, Fort Sumner, 1879-80.jpg
File:Photo of Billy the Kid (left).JPG
Photo of Billy the Kid (left).JPG
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.