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Bichon

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A bichon is a specific type of toy dog. These small animals are usually kept as companion dogs. Most experts believe they are descended from a breed called the Barbet. The bichon-type lineage may date back as far as the 11th century. By the 14th century, they were common in France. They were often kept as pets by the aristocracy and royalty.

AG Cody
AG Cody

From France, these dogs spread to many European courts. You can find similar dogs in portraits from Germany, Portugal, and Spain. They also traveled from Europe to colonies in Africa and South America. The name "bichon" likely comes from "barbichon," meaning "little barbet."

The Bichon Frisé is a distinct breed with a unique history. It was bred on the island of Tenerife. This breed is also known as the Tenerife dog or the Canary Island lap dog. It likely descended from bichon-type dogs brought from Spain in the 16th century.

Bichon Frisé - studdogbichon
Bichon Frisé - studdogbichon

The breed was imported from the Canary Islands back to mainland Europe. Its popularity changed based on the fashions of the time. During times when they were less popular, they joined circuses. They performed across Europe alongside organ grinders. In the 1930s, Belgian and French enthusiasts worked to save the breed from extinction. Because of this effort, it is now recognized as a Franco-Belgian breed.

Some bichon-type dogs have specific health challenges. Bichon Frisé are prone to developing cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the eye that can lead to blindness. Clinical research on over 1,100 affected dogs provides important data. These cataracts usually appear on the anterior and posterior cortices. The condition impacts male and female dogs equally. While the stages of development vary by individual, the process typically takes four years. This is the time it takes to move from incipient to completely mature cataracts. Dogs between 2 and 8 years of age are the most affected.

The Bolognese is another important breed in this group. It is also called the Bichon Bolognese or the Gutschen Hundle. The name comes from the city of Bologna in northern Italy. It is often claimed that this breed descends from the Maltese.

Male adult bolognese dog (cropped)
Male adult bolognese dog (cropped)

The Medici family used these dogs to garner favor by giving them as gifts. Many famous European rulers kept them. These included Louis XIV of France, Philip II of Spain, and Catherine the Great of Russia. Since the Renaissance, these lap dogs have enjoyed great admiration in royal houses. This popularity grew because of close ties between French and Russian nobility.

The Bolonka is a more recently developed breed from Russia. It was established as a breed in 1988. It is a colored version of the white Bolonka Franzuska. The name Bolonka Franzuska means "French lap dog."

RUSSKAYA TSVETNAYA BOLONKA, Rayskoe Sotsvetie Tsevtik (24264726856)
RUSSKAYA TSVETNAYA BOLONKA, Rayskoe Sotsvetie Tsevtik (24264726856)

This breed shows how bichon-type dogs moved between cultures. The Russian nobility loved the lap dogs used by French ladies. This connection helped spread the dogs to the tsarist Russian court. Even Catherine the Great owned several of these dwarf puppies during her reign.

Other breeds have very specific geographic origins. The Coton de Tuléar takes its name from the Madagascan port town of Tuléar. Ancestors of this dog likely arrived in Madagascar during the 17th century. They became so popular with the local ruling class that laws were passed. These laws prevented commoners from owning the dogs.

Coton de Tular 1
Coton de Tular 1

The Havanese is a bichon-type breed from Cuba. It is also known as the Cuban shock dog. Europeans brought bichon-type dogs to Cuba in the 18th century. Their fortunes changed during the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s. Communists viewed the dogs as property of the former elite. Expatriates saved the breed by fleeing to the United States with their pets.

A Havanese judging
A Havanese judging

Finally, we can look at the Löwchen and the Maltese. The Löwchen is a French breed known since the 16th century. Its name means "little lion dog" in German.

Adult Lowchen Gaiting
Adult Lowchen Gaiting

People often clip their hair to make them look like they have a lion's mane. By the 1970s, only about 70 Löwchen remained. A publicity drive helped the breed recover. The Maltese is believed to have come to Malta via the Phoenicians in ancient times.

Maltese 600
Maltese 600

A record from 1805 noted the breed was almost extinct. Today, the Maltese is likely the result of many subsequent crosses.

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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:AG Cody.jpg
AG Cody.jpg
File:Bichon Frisé - studdogbichon.jpg
Bichon Frisé - studdogbichon.jpg
File:Male adult bolognese dog (cropped).jpg
Male adult bolognese dog (cropped).jpg
File:RUSSKAYA TSVETNAYA BOLONKA, Rayskoe Sotsvetie Tsevtik (24264726856).jpg
RUSSKAYA TSVETNAYA BOLONKA, Rayskoe...
File:Coton de Tular 1.jpg
Coton de Tular 1.jpg
File:A Havanese judging.jpg
A Havanese judging.jpg
File:Adult Lowchen Gaiting.jpg
Adult Lowchen Gaiting.jpg
File:Maltese 600.jpg
Maltese 600.jpg
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