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Bhagavad Gita

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The Bhagavad Gita is a highly influential Hindu scripture. It is often simply called the Gita, which means "song" in Sanskrit. The text functions as a synthesis of various strands of Indian religious thought. These include the Vedic concept of dharma, which refers to duty or rightful action. It also incorporates Sankhya-based yoga and jnana, which means knowledge. Furthermore, it includes the concept of bhakti, or devotion. The Gita is a central text in the Vedanta and Vaishnava traditions. It holds a unique pan-Hindu influence as a prominent sacred text.

Bhagavad Gita, a 19th century manuscript
Bhagavad Gita, a 19th century manuscript

The narrative framework of the Gita is a dialogue between two figures. It takes place at the onset of the Kurukshetra War. One character is the Pandava prince Arjuna. His guide is his charioteer, Krishna, who is an avatar of the god Vishnu. Arjuna faces a dilemma as he hesitates to perform his duty as a warrior. Krishna persuades him to enter the battle. Krishna argues that Arjuna should follow his dharma without considering himself the agent of action. Instead, he should attribute all actions to God through bhakti. This dialogue is often interpreted as a metaphor for the internal struggles of human life.

Arjuna and His Charioteer Krishna Confront Karna, crop
Arjuna and His Charioteer Krishna Confront Karna, crop

The Gita describes specific pathways to self-realization. These are known as the four yogas. The first is raja yoga, which involves meditation. The second is jnana yoga, which focuses on insight and intuition. The third is karma yoga, which emphasizes righteous action. The fourth is bhakti yoga, which is the path of loving devotion. This classification gained widespread recognition through the teachings of Swami Vivekananda in the 1890s. The text also discusses the relationship between the individual self, or jivatman, and the supreme self, known as Atman or Brahman.

A didactic print from the 1960's that uses the Gita scene as a focal point for general religious instruction
A didactic print from the 1960's that uses the Gita scene as a focal point for general religious instruction

Determining the exact history and authorship of the Gita is complex. Traditionally, the text is attributed to the sage Veda Vyasa. A Hindu legend says that Ganesha used his own broken tusk to write the Mahabharata. The Gita is a part of the Mahabharata, which is the world's longest epic poem. However, many historians view the Gita as a composite work by multiple authors. Some scholars believe it was compiled between 300 BCE and 300 CE. Other estimates suggest it may have been composed around the second or first century BCE. The exact dating remains unresolved because it depends on the uncertain dating of the Mahabharata itself.

Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya
Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya

The text is a poem written in the Sanskrit language. It is organized into 18 chapters. While some old manuscripts might have contained 745 verses, the standard number is 700. This 700-verse benchmark was supported by the 8th-century thinker Adi Shankara. He may have declared this number to prevent further changes to the text. The Gita is sometimes referred to by other names. These include the Iswara Gita, the Ananta Gita, the Hari Gita, and the Vyasa Gita. The title "Bhagavad Gita" has many interpretations. It can mean "the song of God," "the Divine Song," or "the Celestial Song."

Mass Recitation Of The Bhagavad Gita By One Lakh People - Kolkata 20231224 120132
Mass Recitation Of The Bhagavad Gita By One Lakh People - Kolkata 20231224 120132

Scholars have studied the linguistic style of the Gita closely. It is categorized as Epic-Puranic Sanskrit. This language succeeded Vedic Sanskrit and came before classical Sanskrit. The text contains some pre-classical elements, such as the use of the word "mā" instead of "na." This suggests the text was transmitted through oral tradition for many centuries. The Gita is not to be confused with the Bhagavata Purana. The Purana is one of eighteen major texts dealing with the life of Krishna. The Gita remains a vital part of Hindu culture. It continues to be studied and recited by many people today.

Kurukshetra
Kurukshetra

The Gita connects deeply to broader philosophical systems. It addresses the tension between dharma and the ascetic ideal. The ascetic ideal involves seeking liberation by avoiding all karma. The Gita, however, stresses living according to one's duty. It also explores the concept of the absolute Person. This is the primordial, genderless absolute found in Vedic rituals. This concept is similar to the goals found in the Pancaratra Agama and Tantra. The dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna serves as a lasting metaphor. It represents the eternal conversation between the individual soul and the divine.

Bhagavad Gita narrative sculpture on a column in the Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal 1885 photo
Bhagavad Gita narrative sculpture on a column in the Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal 1885 photo
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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Vasudeva Krishna on a coin of Agathocles of Bactria circa 180 BCE.jpg
Vasudeva Krishna on a coin of Agathocles...
File:Kurukshetra.jpg
Kurukshetra.jpg
File:Bhagavad Gita, a 19th century manuscript.jpg
Bhagavad Gita, a 19th century manuscript.jpg
File:Vintage Hindu God Krishan Gita Birth Litho Print Original Vasudeo Pandya 1932.jpg
Vintage Hindu God Krishan Gita Birth...
File:A didactic print from the 1960's that uses the Gita scene as a focal point for general religious instruction.jpg
A didactic print from the 1960's that...
File:Trinity Detonation T&B.jpg
Trinity Detonation T&B.jpg
File:Mass Recitation Of The Bhagavad Gita By One Lakh People - Kolkata 20231224 120132.jpg
Mass Recitation Of The Bhagavad Gita By...
File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg
Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg
File:Bhagavad Gita narrative sculpture on a column in the Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal 1885 photo.jpg
Bhagavad Gita narrative sculpture on a...
File:Arjuna and His Charioteer Krishna Confront Karna, crop.jpg
Arjuna and His Charioteer Krishna...
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