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Ay (pharaoh)

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Ay was a significant ruler in ancient Egypt. He belonged to the 18th Dynasty. He served as the penultimate pharaoh of this dynasty. This means he was the second-to-last ruler in that specific line. Ay held the throne during the late 14th century BC.

ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08
ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08

His reign was quite brief. Some records suggest he ruled for only four years. Other researchers believe his reign lasted between seven and nine years. His royal names carried deep religious meanings. His prenomen was Kheperkheperure, meaning "Everlasting are the Manifestations of Ra." His nomen was Ay it-netjer, which translates to "Ay, Father of the God."

Kheperkheperure Ay
Kheperkheperure Ay

Before becoming king, Ay held several powerful positions. He served as a vizier to multiple pharaohs. A vizier is a high-ranking government official and advisor. He worked under Pharaoh Akhenaten. He also served under the young Pharaoh Tutankhamun. He may have also advised Smenkhare and Neferneferuaten.

Ay receiving the Gold of Honor
Ay receiving the Gold of Honor

Ay also had a distinguished military career. He rose to the rank of Overseer of All the Horses of His Majesty. This was a top position in the elite chariot division. This rank was just below that of a General. He also held the title of Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King. This role was very important. It showed that the king trusted him deeply and listened to his advice.

Historians study many clues to understand Ay's family. He is believed to have come from Akhmim. Some theories suggest he was the son of Yuya and Thuya. This would make him a relative of Queen Tiye. This theory relies on circumstantial evidence. For example, both Yuya and Ay held the title "God's Father." Also, they both came from Akhmim. Physical similarities exist between the mummy of Yuya and statues of Ay. However, Ay's own mummy has not been found.

Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail
Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail

His wife was Queen Tey. She was known as the wet-nurse to Nefertiti. Some people theorize that Ay was the father of Nefertiti. They suggest his title "God's Father" meant he was the father-in-law of a king. There is no direct evidence to prove this relationship.

Ay's rise to power happened during a time of religious change. Under Akhenaten, Egypt experimented with an early form of monotheism. This means they focused on one god, the Aten. Ay appears to have followed these religious shifts. He even has the Great Hymn to the Aten in his Amarna tomb.

When Tutankhamun died, a power vacuum was created. Tutankhamun was about 18 or 19 years old. He had no living children to take the throne. Ay was quick to fill this gap. He was depicted performing the funerary rites for the young king.

Tumba de Tutankamón, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 75 (Opening of the Mouth)
Tumba de Tutankamón, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 75 (Opening of the Mouth)

One famous scene shows him performing the "Opening of the Mouth" ceremony. This was a vital ritual for the deceased monarch.

Some scholars have debated the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death. Egyptologist Bob Brier once suggested that Ay might have been involved in a conspiracy. He thought Ay may have murdered Tutankhamun to take the throne. This idea was based on 1968 X-ray exams. However, later studies have challenged this. CT scans from 2005 found no evidence of a blow to the head. The exact cause of Tutankhamun's death remains an open mystery. Even so, Ay successfully claimed the throne. He may have done this by marrying Tutankhamun's widow, Ankhesenamun. He also had to compete with the military commander, Horemheb.

During his reign, Ay worked to restore traditional Egyptian religion. He consolidated the return to the old ways. This included restoring the power of the Amun priesthood. He also built a mortuary temple at Medinet Habu.

Kheperkheperure Ay
Kheperkheperure Ay

Ay attempted to control who would rule after him. He tried to sideline Horemheb from the succession. Instead, Ay promoted other men like Nay and Nakhtmin. Nay was a very high official. He held many titles, including "chief physician" and "chamberlain." By promoting these men, Ay tried to change the future of the leadership.

It is difficult for historians to find all of Ay's monuments. This is because of a process called damnatio memoriae. This is a Latin term for the condemnation of memory. His successor, Horemheb, started a campaign to erase Ay's legacy. Horemheb wanted to remove the influence of the Amarna Period. Because of this, many of Ay's buildings were destroyed or taken over.

ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08
ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08

We only know about Ay through the fragments that remain. These include small statues, tomb decorations, and inscriptions. Despite the efforts to erase him, his role in the 18th Dynasty is still clear. He remains a key figure in the transition of Egyptian history.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Ay receiving the Gold of Honor.jpg
Ay receiving the Gold of Honor.jpg
File:Tumba de Tutankamón, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 75 (Opening of the Mouth).jpg
Tumba de Tutankamón, Valle de las Reyes,...
File:Kheperkheperure Ay.jpg
Kheperkheperure Ay.jpg
File:ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08.jpg
ReliefWithNameOfAy-PetrieMuseum-August21-08.jpg
File:Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail.JPG
Royal couple-MAHG 12440-IMG 9577-detail.JPG
File:WV23 by Mutnedjmet.jpg
WV23 by Mutnedjmet.jpg
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