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Ante Pavelić

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Ante Pavelić was a Croatian politician and lawyer who led a violent regime during World War II. He was born on July 14, 1889, in the village of Bradina. His family moved to Bosnia and Herzegovina to work on a railway line. Pavelić studied law at the University of Zagreb and earned his doctorate in July 1915. Early in his career, he joined the Croatian Party of Rights. This political group advocated for Croatian nationalism and independence from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

As Pavelić's political views became more radical, he sought help from foreign powers. In 1927, he secretly contacted the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Pavelić offered to make Croatia an Italian protectorate to gain their support. He even suggested giving up Croatian territories, like Istria and parts of the Adriatic, to Italy. In 1929, after King Alexander I banned political parties, Pavelić moved to Italy. There, he founded the Ustaše, a nationalist movement. The Ustaše used terror, such as bombings and assassinations, to fight for an independent Croatia.

Mussolini and Pavelic 1941
Mussolini and Pavelic 1941

In April 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy occupied Yugoslavia. They helped establish the Independent State of Croatia, known as the NDH. On April 10, 1941, Slavko Kvaternik declared the NDH was formed. Pavelić returned from Italy to serve as the supreme leader, or Poglavnik. He ruled the NDH as a dictator. His government was a puppet state, meaning it was controlled by the authorities in Germany and Italy.

Official Proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia
Official Proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia

Pavelić's regime implemented extreme and violent policies against specific groups. The NDH government targeted Serbs, Jews, and Roma people. These persecutions led to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Serbs. Tens of thousands of Jews and Roma were also killed. Many of these people died in concentration and extermination camps run by the Ustaše. Additionally, hundreds of thousands of Orthodox Christians were forcibly converted to Catholicism or expelled. These mass killings are considered a disastrous episode in Yugoslav history.

Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941
Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941

Internal conflict also challenged Pavelić's control over the NDH. In 1945, he ordered the executions of Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić. These were prominent NDH politicians who were accused of treason. They had plotted to remove Pavelić from power to align the NDH with the Allies. This showed how Pavelić used violence to maintain his absolute authority even among his own people.

When Germany surrendered in May 1945, Pavelić fled toward Austria. He tried to surrender his forces to the British Army, but they refused. Instead, he directed his troops to surrender to the Yugoslav Partisans. This led to mass killings of surrendered Axis forces and collaborators. Following this, Pavelić escaped to Argentina using a false passport from the Vatican. In Argentina, he served as a security advisor to President Juan Perón.

Ante Pavelić in hospital
Ante Pavelić in hospital

Pavelić's life ended after a period of hiding and assassination attempts. On April 10, 1957, he was shot during an assassination attempt in Buenos Aires. Fearing he would be arrested and sent back to Yugoslavia, he fled to Spain. He was granted political asylum in Francoist Spain. He lived in Madrid for two and a half years. Pavelić died in Madrid on December 28, 1959, at the age of 70 due to complications from his gunshot wounds.

Grob Ante Pavelića u Madridu 2024
Grob Ante Pavelića u Madridu 2024
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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Official Proclamation of the Independent State of Croatia.jpg
Official Proclamation of the Independent...
File:Ante Pavelić und Joachim von Ribbentrop.jpg
Ante Pavelić und Joachim von Ribbentrop.jpg
File:Mussolini and Pavelic 1941.jpg
Mussolini and Pavelic 1941.jpg
File:Standard of the Poglavnik of NDH.svg
Standard of the Poglavnik of NDH.svg
File:Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941.jpg
Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941.jpg
Pavelić u Saboru 1942.ogg
File:Ante Pavelic Parlament.jpg
Ante Pavelic Parlament.jpg
File:Pablo Aranjos.jpg
Pablo Aranjos.jpg
File:Ante Pavelić in hospital.jpg
Ante Pavelić in hospital.jpg
File:Grob Ante Pavelića u Madridu 2024.jpg
Grob Ante Pavelića u Madridu 2024.jpg
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