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Animation

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Animation is a filmmaking technique used to create the illusion of movement.

Fantasmagorie (Cohl)
Fantasmagorie (Cohl)

This process involves creating or manipulating pictures and playing them in a rapid sequence. This sequence creates a stroboscopic effect, where the eye sees motion instead of individual images. This illusion is often linked to the phi phenomenon and beta movement. The exact neurological causes of this effect are still being studied by scientists. The word itself comes from the Latin word *animātiō*, which means "bestowing of life."

Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X
Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X

In English, the word once simply meant "liveliness."

There are several distinct methods used to produce animated images. Traditional animation involves drawing or painting images by hand on transparent sheets called celluloid, or "cels."

Animhorse
Animhorse

Animators move these cels over a static background to create depth. Stop motion animation uses physical objects like puppets, paper cutouts, or clay figures. In claymation, artists manipulate clay models bit by bit to simulate life.

Claychick
Claychick

Computer animation uses computer-generated imagery, also known as CGI. This can include detailed 3D animation or 2D styles used for specific artistic looks. Modern filmmakers often use CGI to create visual effects (VFX) that are composited into live-action films.

Before modern cinema, people used mechanical devices to view moving images.

Lanature1882 praxinoscope projection reynaud
Lanature1882 praxinoscope projection reynaud

In 1833, the phenakistiscope used a spinning disc with slits to create motion. This was followed by the zoetrope in 1866 and the flip book in 1868. The praxinoscope, introduced in 1877, used mirrors to project animated figures. These analog media relied on the rapid display of sequential images to trick the brain. Even simple mechanical movements, like those in magic lantern shows, can be considered a form of animation.

History shows a long evolution from these mechanical tools to the cinema era. In 1907, the short film *The Haunted Hotel* popularized stop motion techniques. This likely inspired Émile Cohl to create *Fantasmagorie* in 1908. This film is regarded as the oldest known example of complete traditional animation on standard film. In 1917, Quirino Cristiani produced *El Apóstol*, the first feature-length animated film.

Quirino Cristiani con una figura
Quirino Cristiani con una figura

Later, Lotte Reiniger released *Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed* in 1926. This was a silhouette animation and remains the oldest extant animated feature film.

The industry saw a "golden age" of American animation lasting until the 1960s. Felix the Cat debuted in 1919 as the first fully realized anthropomorphic animal character.

In 1928, *Steamboat Willie* introduced synchronized sound and helped Walt Disney's studio lead the industry. Disney's *Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs* premiered in 1937 as a major traditional animation hit. Many other studios created iconic characters during this time. These included Warner Bros. characters like Bugs Bunny and MGM's *Tom and Jerry*. These characters became part of a massive market for theatrical shorts.

Television changed how animation was produced and consumed. Starting in the 1950s, animation became a common part of home life. Many shows were programmed specifically for children during Saturday morning time slots. To meet high demand, studios often used "limited animation," which was cheaper and faster. This sometimes led to more formulaic scripts and lower quality. However, a renaissance occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Shows like *The Simpsons* and *SpongeBob SquarePants* brought new energy to the medium.

Today, animation is integrated into many different fields and technologies. It is used in feature films, television series, and video games. Digital technology has also enabled the creation of animated GIFs and Flash animation. Animation is also vital for motion graphics and user interfaces in software. Even the concept of "toons" has influenced how we view characters. In 1988, the film *Who Framed Roger Rabbit* helped popularize this term.

It introduced ToonTown, a world where animated characters lived alongside humans. From tiny digital files to massive 3D environments, animation continues to expand.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X.gif
Prof. Stampfer's Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X.gif
File:Lanature1882 praxinoscope projection reynaud.png
Lanature1882 praxinoscope projection reynaud.png
File:Fantasmagorie (Cohl).GIF
Fantasmagorie (Cohl).GIF
FelixTheCat-1919-FelineFollies silent.ogv
File:Quirino Cristiani con una figura.jpg
Quirino Cristiani con una figura.jpg
Joy & Heron - Animated CGI Spot by...
File:Animhorse.gif
Animhorse.gif
File:Claychick.jpg
Claychick.jpg
File:Catenary animation.gif
Catenary animation.gif
Caminandes- Llama Drama - Short Movie.ogv
File:World of Color overview.jpg
World of Color overview.jpg
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