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Andrew Wakefield

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Andrew Jeremy Wakefield is an English former surgeon and anti-vaccination activist. He is best known for his role in a highly controversial 1998 study published in the medical journal *The Lancet*. This study falsely suggested a connection between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. This claim had massive global consequences. It led to a sharp decline in vaccination rates. Consequently, many measles outbreaks occurred worldwide, resulting in numerous deaths.

In 1998, Wakefield acted as the lead author of a paper involving twelve children with autism. He proposed a new syndrome called autistic enterocolitis. This term described a specific type of bowel disease that he claimed was linked to the MMR vaccine. The study reported that parents of eight children linked behavioral symptoms to the vaccine. These parents claimed symptoms began within two weeks of the MMR shot. Wakefield held several high-level positions at the time. He was a senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free Hospital in London.

Scientific investigation quickly challenged these findings. Other researchers attempted to reproduce his results but were unable to do so. For example, a 2005 study in Japan looked at children who received the triple MMR vaccine. They also looked at children who received individual measles, mumps, and rubella vaccinations. Researchers in Japan found no causal relationship between the vaccine and autism. This was significant because Japan had replaced the triple MMR vaccine with individual shots in 1993.

In 2004, investigative reporter Brian Deer uncovered serious issues with Wakefield's work. Deer identified undisclosed financial conflicts of interest. The investigation suggested Wakefield stood to earn up to $43 million per year by selling specific test kits. Following these findings, most of the co-authors of the original study withdrew their support. The British General Medical Council (GMC) then launched an inquiry. They investigated allegations of misconduct against Wakefield and two of his former colleagues.

The GMC reached its conclusions in 2010. The council found that Wakefield had been dishonest in his research. They determined he had acted against the best interests of his patients. The inquiry also found that he had mistreated children with developmental delays. The GMC stated he had failed in his duties as a responsible consultant. Because of these findings, *The Lancet* fully retracted the 1998 publication. The journal noted that elements of the manuscript had been falsified. It stated that the journal had been deceived by Wakefield.

Following the retraction, Wakefield was struck off the UK medical register. This means he was legally barred from practicing medicine in the United Kingdom. He moved to the United States and worked at the Thoughtful House research centre in Austin, Texas. He served as its executive director until February 2010. He later directed the 2016 film *Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe*. This film was removed from the Tribeca Film Festival by co-founder Robert De Niro.

Today, Wakefield remains a prominent figure in the anti-vaccination movement. He uses social media to promote his discredited claims about vaccine safety. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he continued to warn that vaccines would cause harm. He has appeared at summits to call for widespread protests against vaccine use. Despite being stripped of his medical license, his activism continues to have global repercussions. His work remains a primary example of how fraudulent research can impact public health systems.

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