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Anchovies as food

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Anchovies are small, oily saltwater fish from the family Engraulidae. They serve many roles as human food and as bait for fishing. There are 144 different species found in 17 different genera. These fish live in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Most anchovies are green with blue reflections. This color comes from a silver longitudinal stripe. This stripe runs from the base of the caudal fin, which is the tail fin. Adult fish vary in length and body shape. Northern populations tend to have more slender bodies.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

The strong flavor of anchovies comes from specific processing methods. One traditional method is the curing process. Workers first gut the fish and soak them in brine. Brine is a highly concentrated salt solution. After they cure, the fish are packed in oil or salt. This process turns the flesh a deep grey color. Another method is pickling the fish in vinegar. In Spain, these are called boquerones en vinagre. Pickled anchovies are much milder in flavor. They also keep a white color in the flesh.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

Different cultures use many names and styles for these fish. In Italy, fresh anchovies are called alici. In Spain, the names change based on how they are prepared. Freshly cooked anchovies are called bocarte. Salted anchovies sold in cans are called anchoa. When they are marinated in vinegar, they are called boquerón. In English-speaking countries, people sometimes call them white anchovies. These are often served in a weak vinegar marinade. This style is linked to the French town of Collioure.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

History shows that humans have used anchovies for many centuries. In Roman times, anchovies were the base for garum. Garum was a fermented fish sauce. It had a long shelf life for commerce. This allowed it to be traded over long distances. In the mid-19th century, a new industry began in Cantabria. Sicilian salters started this work in that region. Today, the industry in Cantabria is very large. Morocco is currently the largest supplier of canned anchovies.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

In Southeast Asia, anchovies are vital to many cuisines. In Indonesia, they are known as ikan teri. In Malaysia, they are called ikan bilis or setipinna taty. The word "ikan" is the Malay word for fish. In the Philippines, they have names like dilis or monamon. These fish are often sold dried. They are used to make fermented condiments. Examples include bagoong in the Philippines and budu in Malaysia. In Vietnam, anchovies are the main ingredient in nước mắm. This is the unofficial national sauce of the country.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

Anchovies also provide important bases for soups and snacks. In Korea and Japan, people use sun-dried anchovies. They create a rich stock from these dried fish. This stock is a base for many noodle soups. In Thailand, dried anchovies are called pla katak haeng. They are often served deep-fried as a snack. In Turkey, they are called hamsi. People eat them between November and March. They might eat hamsi fried, grilled, or steamed. They are also used in a dish called pilav.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

Beyond whole fish, anchovies are used as concentrated ingredients. They are often found as anchovy paste or essence. Small amounts add flavor to many different dishes. They are an ingredient in Worcestershire sauce. They are also used in remoulade and many fish sauces. Some versions of Café de Paris butter use them too. In South India, they are called netholi or chooda. They provide a cheap source of protein for the diet. They can be eaten fried or in a spicy curry.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira

There are some health considerations regarding these fish. Anchovies can concentrate a substance called domoic acid. This acid can build up in their gut. If a person eats the fish whole, it can cause illness. This condition is called amnesic shellfish poisoning. If someone is suspected of having this, they should seek medical attention. Aside from this, they remain a very common food for people worldwide.

Acciugaio in Valle Maira
Acciugaio in Valle Maira
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