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Airline

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An airline is a commercial company that provides regular air transportation. These companies use aircraft to transport passengers or freight, which is another name for cargo. Many passenger airlines also carry cargo in the belly of their planes. Some airlines are dedicated solely to freight transport. To operate legally, airlines must hold an air operating certificate. This is a license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines can function as scheduled operators or as charter operators.

Diagram of an airline Global Distribution System
Diagram of an airline Global Distribution System

Ownership of airlines has changed significantly over the last century. Before the 1930s, most airlines were owned by individuals. From the 1940s through the 1980s, many major airlines were owned by governments. Following the mid-1980s, there was a shift toward large-scale privatization. Since the 1980s, a trend of major mergers has emerged. Airlines often form partnerships called alliances to coordinate services. These alliances include Star Alliance, SkyTeam, and Oneworld. They manage passenger programs like lounges and frequent-flyer rewards. They also use codesharing, where two airlines offer the same flight.

Maslounge
Maslounge

The history of commercial aviation began in the early 1900s. The world's first commercial passenger airline was DELAG. It was founded on November 16, 1909. DELAG operated airships made by the Zeppelin Company. Another very old company was the Compagnie générale transaérienne, or CGT. CGT was founded on October 10, 1909. It began cargo operations in April 1911. It started regular passenger services in March 1913. These were weekly return flights using fixed-wing aircraft. CGT later merged with other companies to become Air France.

Klm-poster-1919
Klm-poster-1919

Early European aviation saw many companies form and merge. In 1916, George Holt Thomas formed Aircraft Transport and Travel. This company was an early predecessor of British Airways. In 1919, the Dutch airline KLM was established. KLM is the oldest airline still operating under its original name. In 1924, Imperial Airways was formed through a merger of several companies. This allowed British airlines to compete with French and German carriers. Imperial Airways pioneered routes to serve the British Empire. In 1933, several French airlines merged to create Air France.

Imperial routes April 1935
Imperial routes April 1935

In Germany, several important airlines shaped aviation history. Junkers Luftverkehr began operations in 1921. It was a division of the Junkers aircraft manufacturer. In 1926, Deutsche Lufthansa was created by a merger. Lufthansa became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe. Germany also used airships for passenger service. The airship Graf Zeppelin offered scheduled flights to South America starting in 1931. The Hindenburg also entered passenger service in 1936. It successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before its crash in 1937.

Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00007, Berlin, Start eines Junkers-Flugzeuges
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00007, Berlin, Start eines Junkers-Flugzeuges

During the Soviet era, Aeroflot became a massive organization. By the end of the 1930s, it was the largest airline in the world. It operated approximately 3,000 aircraft. The airline employed over 4,000 pilots and 60,000 service personnel. Aeroflot was the only air carrier in the Soviet Union. On September 15, 1956, it became the first airline to operate sustained regular jet services. It used the Tupolev Tu-104 for these flights.

TWA 1940
TWA 1940

Modern aviation has been shaped by deregulation. In the early 1990s, the European Union deregulated its airspace. This led to a rise in budget airlines like EasyJet and Ryanair. These companies grew quickly on shorter routes. Many traditional national airlines have also been privatized. For example, British Airways and Aer Lingus underwent privatization. Changes in oil prices also impacted airlines, such as in 2008 with Alitalia. Today, airlines continue to connect the world through massive networks.

World-airline-routemap-2024
World-airline-routemap-2024
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🖼️ Images & Media (21)
File:Frankfurt Airport United Airlines Boeing 777-224ER N77006 (DSC02815).jpg
Frankfurt Airport United Airlines Boeing...
File:Klm-poster-1919.jpg
Klm-poster-1919.jpg
File:Tanken van een vliegtuig Airplane provided with fuel.jpg
Tanken van een vliegtuig Airplane...
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00007, Berlin, Start eines Junkers-Flugzeuges.jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00007, Berlin,...
File:National Audit Office - Victoria - London - 020504.jpg
National Audit Office - Victoria - London...
File:Imperial routes April 1935.jpg
Imperial routes April 1935.jpg
File:TWA 1940.jpg
TWA 1940.jpg
File:Stratocruiser op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 903-5913.jpg
Stratocruiser op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr...
File:Pan Am Boeing 747 at Zurich Airport in May 1985.jpg
Pan Am Boeing 747 at Zurich Airport in...
File:Tata Sons' Airline Timetable Image, Summer 1935 (interior).jpg
Tata Sons' Airline Timetable Image,...
File:Nakajima AT-2.jpg
Nakajima AT-2.jpg
File:Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg
Tam.a330-200.pt-mvl.arp.jpg

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